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^>'^

MIR AB ILIA VRBIS ROMAE

THE

MARVELS OF ROME

OR
A PICTURE OF THE GOLDEN CITY

AN ENGLISH VERSION OF THE MEDIEVAL GUIDE-BOOK

WITH A SUPPLEMENT OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATTER

AND NOTES BY

FRANCIS MORGAN NICHOLS

-"-.^ ..^ a?.

LONDON. ELLIS AND ELVEY

ROME. SPITHOEVER

1889

PREFACE fiAAlAl

THE little book of which an Englifh
verfion is here publilhed for the
firft time was the ftandard guide-book
of the more learned vifitors to Rome
from the twelfth to the fifteenth century.
Its ftatements were received with the
refpect due to a work of authority, and
their influence may be traced iii the
writings of many of the authors who
flourifhed during that period. The moft
ftriking example of the long-fuftained
credit of the medieval Roman Topo-
graphy is afforded by the Letters of
Petrarch. In the defcriptions of Rome
given by this great leader of the Revival
of Learning, fcarcely any trace appears
of the new critical fpirit, but the locali-
ties are ftill prefented under the names,
and affociated with the legends, of the
Mir ab ilia.

vi Preface.

In the following century, when the

wider ftudy of ancient authors and in-

fcriptions had impaired its influence

j among the learned, the Mirabilia ftill

j maintained its place in popular eftima-

' tion; and, after the invention of printing,

feveral editions of it iffued from the

prefs.

In the prefent day this treatife is iffe-

ful to the archaeologift as fupplying fome

fcanty evidence refpe<5ling the hiftory

of the fites and buildings of ancient

//Rome. Under the perplexing veil of

( an often arbitrary or barbarous nomen-

\ clature it exhibits a fhadowy pi<5lure of

ithe ruins which attradted notice in the

medieval city, many of which have

fince difappeared, while it narrates with

charming fimplicity the legends with

which the principal monuments, and

the few works of art which were not

buried beneath the furface, were affb-

ciated in the minds of the more educated

people of the time.

It fhould be added, in eftimating the

Preface. vii

fignificance of the Mirahilia^ that the
exiftence and diflfufion of the book
fupply the ftrongeft evidence of the
new fpirit of curiofity and reverence
that had arifen in the twelfth century
in regard to the works of ancient art
and architedture, which had for many
centuries been fo ruthlefsly deftroyed.
We fhould probably not be wrong if we
afcribed to this book a powerful in-
fluence in the prefervation of fome at
leaft of the few ruins of importance
which ftill exifted in Rome at the time
when it was compiled.

Among modern readers, it is not only
to the profeffed archaeologist that the
Mirabilia commends itfelf. Its delight-
ful legends, and the many natural touches
which occur even among the dry lifts
of Gates, Arches and Ruins, illuftrate in
the moft lively way the manner of think-
ing which prevailed in the age when it
was written, and in the long period
during which it continued to be accepted
as an authority, when the element of

viii Preface,

the Marvellous maintained fo important
a place in every department of know-
ledge. It poffeffes the fame charm as a
chapter of the Travels of Mandeville,
with the advantage that the defcriptions
have a more folid foundation of fa6t,
and the objefts defcribed are to an or-
dinary educated perfon more familiar
and for the moft part more interefting.

^ _j Nothing is known concerning the
authorfhip of the book, nor anything of
/its age or hiftory beyond what may be
fathered from the internal evidence
of its contents, from the character of
the m-anufcripts in which it has been
handed down to us, and from the changes
which have at diflferent periods been in-
troduced into its text. For an account
of the manufcripts of the Mirabilia^
the reader may be referred to the
critical editions which have been pub-
lifhed of the Latin original. It will be
fufficient here to give a fummary ftate-
ment of what is known refpe6ting its
text.

( UN-.'.:.. " .V i

The earlieft extant copy appears to
be found in a manufcript of the Vatican
Library (Cod. Vat. 3973), attributed to
the end of the twelfth century, and in
which it is preceded by a lift of popes,
which ended originally with Celeftine
III., who ruled from 1191 to 1198, and
followed by the Chronicle of Romu-
aldus, Archbilhop of Salerno, ending in
the year 1178. Another manufcript of
the fame library, attributed to the
thirteenth century, contains the Mira-
hilia in the fame volume with the
Digefta pauperis fcholaris Alhini
(deacon under Pope Lucius IIL 1181-
1185), and with extra6ts from the Polu
ticus of Benedi(5lus Canonicus (written
before 1142), and from the writings of
Cencius Camerarius, afterwards Pope
Honorius IIL (1216-1227). The work
is found incorporated, in other manu-
fcripts, with the Politicus of Benedi6lus
and with the Liber Cen/uum of Cencius
Camerarius J and De Rofli has pointed
out the importance of this circumftance,

X Preface.

not only as bearing upon the queftion
of its age, but alfo as ftiowing that the
Mirabilia was about the end of the
twelfth century inferted as a quafi-

y official document among the books of
the Roman Curia.*

The copies of the Mirabilia above
referred to exhibit the text in what is
regarded as its original form; and it
(hould be obferved that the earlier
copies have no general title. The name
placed upon the title-page of this volume
is that which was applied to the book

y in the fourteenth and fifteenth centu-
ries, and by which it has fince been
generally known.

It appears ftiortly after its produ6lion
to have undergone a revifion by another
hand, which produced a work confider-
ably altered by additions, omiffions, and
rearrangement of parts. This recenfion
of the Mirabilia is diftinguiftied among
critics by the name of Graphia^ becaufe,
in a manufcript of the thirteenth or

* De Rofli, Roma Sotterranea^ i. 158.

Preface. xi

fourteenth century, preferved in the
Laurentian Library at Florence, it is
found with the title, Graphia aureae
urbis Romae.

With refpect to the date of the com-
pofition of the Mirabilia^ we find in the
ftatements of the book itfelf the follow-
ing indications, which limit its epoch
in one direction. In both forms of the
work, the porphyry farcophagus of the
emperor Hadrian is defcribed as being
at that time the tomb of Innocent 11.
who died 1143, and its cover as being ^
in the Parvife of Saint Peter over the
prefect's tomb (p. 79). The prefect
has been identified by Gregorovius with
the prefect Cinthius or Cencius, who
died 1079. Of a ruin in the Forum,
poffibly the temple of Julius, it is faid
in the earlier work, that it is now called /
the Tower of Cencio Frangipane (p.
99). This well-known leader in the
party warfare of Rome flourifhed in the
early years of the twelfth century.

xii Preface.

In the Graphia the foUowingreferences
occur, which are not in the original
work. The farcophagus of the emprefs
Helena is faid to have been converted
into the tomb of pope Anaftafius IV.,
who died 1154 (p. 79); and there is
mention of a houfe then belonging to
the fons of Pierleone (p. 112). Pierleone,
father of pope Anaclete IL, died in 1 128.
It is evident, from thefe paffages, that
the Mirahilia in its earlieft exifting
form is not older than the middle of the
twelfth century, to which period it is
, attributed by fome of the beft authorities.
- Another indication of date Ihould be
mentioned, which however is fomewhat
in controverfy. The fecond, third, and
fourth chapters of the third Part coin-
qide with two fedlions of the Hiftory
of the Bafilica of Saint Peter by Petrus
Mallius, a work dedicated to pope
Alexander IIL (1159 — 1181);* and
the queftion arifes, to which of the two

* Printed in the 27th volume of the Acta SanSorum,

Preface. xiii

books thefe paflages originally belonged.
This queftion is difcuffed by Jordan
{Topographie Roms ii. 360, 426), who
maintains that Mallius borrowed from
the Mirahilia^ while others have
affumed the converfe to be true. In
any cafe, it appears that the Mirahilia
fliouldbe afligned either to the middle, or
to the latter half, of the twelfth century,
fince the age of the earlier manufcripts
fliows that the work was in exiftence
about the clofe of that period. Grego-
rovius, in an interefting account of the
Mirahilia* dwells upon the allufion
to the Palace of the Senators and the
Golden Capitol (pp. 86, 90) as evidence
bearing on the age and fuggeftive as to
the authorlhip of the book, which he
imagines to have been compiled by
fome one concerned in the revival of
the Senate in 1143.

The Graphia appears to be of a date
not much later than the original work.

• Hiftory of Medieval Rome (Ital. Tranfl.), iv.
356.384.

xiv Preface.

It is certainly as old as the thirteenth
century, its antiquity being confirmed
by the fa6l that Galvaneus Flamma, in
a book written in or before 1297, and
called Manipulus Florum^ cites it as
liher valde authenticus.* Martin of
Troppau (Archbifhop of Gnefen, 1278),
who completed his Chronicle of the
World in 1268, afterwards added an
introduction in which he made ufe of
the Mirahilia in this form; and Fazio
degli Uberti, in his poem called H
DittamondOy written in the metre of the
Divina Commedia between 1355 and
1367, devotes a canto to a defcription
of Rome in which the poet is evidently
largely indebted to the Graphia. It
was in this form that the Mirahilia was
known to the Englifli chronicler, Ranulf
Higden, who has inferted long extradls
from it in that part of the Polychronicon
which relates to Rome. This work was
edited, for the Hiftorical Series of the

* Muratori, Scriptores^ xi. 540.

Preface. xv

Mafter of the Rolls, by the late Rev.
Churchill Babington, who printed with
the Latin text two ancient Englifli
tranflations. It is worth while to obferve
that Higden refers to the Mtrahilia
Romae as the work of a certain Magijier
Gregorius ; but the citations appear
to be taken from a late revifion of the
book, and the name of Mafter Gregory
does not aflford any ufeful clue to the
original authorftiip.

The Mtrahilia was firft printed in
recent times by Montfaucon in 1702,
in the Diarium Italicum. The manu-
fcript ufed was then in the Convent of
S. Ifidoro at Rome, and the text appears
to be that of the Graphia in a late and
fomewhat enlarged (hape.

In its older form the Mirabilia was
firft printed in 1820 (from a manufcript
attributed to the 13th century, then in
the Barberini Library) in three feveral
parts of a work called Effemeridi
Litter arie di Roma (vol i. p. 62-82,

xvi Preface.

147-167, 378-392), with a preface figned
by Count Alberti, and with anonymous
annotations in Italian, which appear to
have been the work of Nibby. This
edition was reprinted, with the notes,
in a fmall volume in 1 2mo. (Roma, dalla
topografia Forenfe, 1864).

The Mirahilia was included in two
colle6lions of documents publifhed in
the fame year in Germany and France
(Graffe, Beitrage zur Litteratur und
Sage des Mittelalters^ Drefden, 4to.
1850, and Ozanam, Documents inedits
pour fervir it Vhijloire literaire de
Vltalie^ 8vo. Paris, 1850). I have not
feen thefe coUedlions, but I conclude
from the references to them in the
editions of Parthey and Urlichs, that
the former contains the Mirahilia in its
older form, the latter the Graphia.

In 1857, the Mirahilia was again
printed in Germany, in Papencordt's
Gefchichte derStadt Rom imMittelalter^
edited by Hofler. The text is that of
Montfaucon, fide by fide with another

Preface. xvii

derived from a manufcript at Prague,
which appears to belong to the older
form of the work.

In 1869, Dr. Guftaf Parthey printed
the Mirahilia at Berlin, in a convenient
fmall 8vo. volume. His work was the
refult of a comparifon of the text of
Montfaucon with feveral manufcripts in
the Vatican Library, and with the
editions of Alberti and Ozanam. It
gives the text of the Graphia in a very
late form, with fome additions found
only in one of the Vatican manufcripts.

Profeffor Henry Jordan, in 187 1, pub-
liftied the fecond volume of his valuable
Topographie der Stadt Rom in A Iter -r
thum^ which contains, at the end, a
critical edition of the Mirahilia^ and in
the text a review of its origin and
hiftory, and a commentary on its con-
tents. In his edition of the text Prof.
Jordan has taken great pains to dif-
tinguifli the original compofition from
the early recenfion, and from the
additions fubfequently made.

xviii Preface.

In the fame year Profeffor Charles
Lewis Urlichs publiflied his learned and
ufeful Codex Urbis Romae Topogra-
phicus, in which he has included the
Mirahilia in various fucceflive forms.
The firft form, which is entitled by the
editor Defcrtptio plenaria totius urbis^
is what we have defcribed as the original
work ; the title being taken from one of
the Vatican manufcripts already referred
to, in which it appears to be applied to
the portion of the book called in the
Englifli tranflation the Third Part. The
fecond form is that of the Graphia.
The third, which he entitles de mirabi-
libus civitatis Romae^ refembles the
text of Montfaucon. The fourth is the
Mirabilia breviata et interpolata of
the fifteenth century. The fifth is the
Mirabilia cum renafcente do6irina
coniuncta ; and the fixth is a work
founded on the Mirabilia^ and written
apparently by a Canon of St. Peter's
between 14 lo and 14 15, which was
printed by Lewis Merklin in 1852,

Preface. xix

and is commonly cited by the name of
Anonymus Magliabecchianus^ having
been tranfcribed from a manufcript of
the 15th century, which has the arms
of Medici at the end, and is preferved
in the Magliabecchian library at
Florence.*

The Englifti tranflation here printed
contains the original Mirahilia^ ar-
ranged for the moll part in its original
order ; f but the additions of the Gra-

• Another copy of this work, which appeared to
me more carefully written (about the clofe of the
15th century), is in the Library of St. Mark at
Venice. MSS. Lat. cl. x. cod. 231.

t The only deviations from the order of the
original copies are thefe: The chapter on the
Columns (Part I. c. 10) which is found in thofe
copies among thd legends in the fecond Part, is
placed among the kindred matter of the firft Part,
and the chapter on Holy Places (Part I. c. 12) is
placed at the end of the firft part, inftead of pre-
ceding that on Bridges. A chapter on the Officers of
the Imperial court, which in fome of the earlier
copies is inferted in the fecond part, is omitted (fee
p. 42). It is not found in the Vatican manufcript
to which the firft rank has been affigned.

XX Preface.

phia are introduced into the text, and
alfo fuch of the later additions of the
fourteenth and fifteenth centuries as
appear to enhance the value of the
work. But in order that the ftudent
may, without the neceffity of referring
to the Latin editions, diftinguilh the
diflferent parts of the compofition, the
additions belonging to the Graphia are
marked by the following figns f f , and
thofe of later copies by brackets,
thus [ ].

The divifion into chapters is found
in feveral of the manufcripts, but not
carried through fo completely as it is in
the Tranflation. The larger divifion
into Parts is not expreflly marked in
any of the Latin copies, but is effential
^o the arrangement of the matter. Pro-
leffor Jordan, was, I believe, the firft to
I point out that the work in its original
'form confifl:ed of three diftindl portions;
firft, a lift of principal objedls of intereft
arranged under various heads ; fecondly,
■ a colledlion of legends affociated with

Preface. xxi

Roman monuments ; and thirdly, a fort
of perambulation of the ancient city, '
beginning at the Vatican, and ending in
the Traftevere. In the Graphia and
later recenfions, owing to their devia-
tion from the original arrangement, this
divifion was loft.

Of the notes which have been added,
I need not fay, that they have ho pre
tenfion to be a complete commentary
on the Mirahilia. Such a work would
occupy a much larger fpace. They are
intended rather to anfwer the firft
queftions which arife in the mind of
the reader to whom the fubjedl is not
familiar, upon almoft every line of this
treatife. In their compilation the author
has been very largely indebted to the
labours of his lamented friend, Pro-
feffor Henry Jordan, who devoted a
confiderable part of the fecond volume
of his valuable work on Roman Topo-
graphy, left unfinifhed at his premature
deceafe, to the illuftration of the Mira-
hilia,

xxii Preface.

At the end of the Englilh verfion of
the Mirahilia the editor has appended
fome other tranflations which have a
fpecial intereft in connexion with that
work. This fupplement of Mirahiliana
confifts of the five following articles.

I. A defcription of the marvels of the
Roman churches compiled in the year
1375. The Latin original of this piece
is incorporated in one of the Vatican
manufcripts of the Mirabilia (Cod. Vat.
4265), and has been printed by Parthey
in his edition; but it cannot be properly
treated as a part of that work, from
which indeed it differs in fpirit and
intention. It will be found, however,
an interefting fupplement to it. As the
ftudent of the Mirahilia may imagine
himfelf following an enthufiaftic fcholar
of the twelfth century around the claflical
antiquities of the city, then exercifing a
new attraction in the firft dawn which
preceded the revival of learning, fo
when he reads this fupplement, he will
feel that he has put himfelf under the

Preface. xxiii

guidance of a more old-fafhioned cice-
rone, who in a later generation recalls
the traveller's attention to the eccle-
fiaftical marvels which had for fo many
centuries aroufed the curiofity and awe
of the ordinary pilgrim.

II. A defcription of Rome extradled
from the Itinerary of the Hebrew
traveller, Benjamin of Tudela. This
too fhort defcription, contemporary with
the Mirahilia^ fets before the reader
the afpect in which Rome appeared to
the Jewifli Rabbi of that period.

III. Extradls from the Ordo Ro-
manus contained in the Politicus of
Canon Benedidl. It has been already
mentioned that this work is found in
ancient manufcripts affociated with the
Mirahilia. The paffages which defcribe
the proceflional routes are of effential
importance in the interpretation of that
book, and enable us to fix with fome
approach to certainty the pofition of
many ruins mentioned in it without
fufficient indication of their fite. The

xxiv Preface.

manifeft predile6tion for pagan ruins
and claffical names, fhown by a writer
on ecclefiaftical ritual, is a moft ftriking
proof of that renewed intereft felt by
the learned of the twelfth century in
the remains of antiquity, out of which
the Mirahilia had its origin.

IV. Three documents bearing on
matters mentioned in the Mirabilia.
Two of them are Bulls of Popes ; the
third is the Lift of Relics preferved in
the Lateran Bafilica, infcribed on a
mofaic table of the thirteenth century,
now fufpended in the new cloifter of
that church. Thefe documents may
ferve as examples of the two claffes of
records, — legal inftruments and infcrip-
tions, — which furnifh the moft truft-
worthy evidence upon medieval hiftory
and topography. The two Bulls are the
beft witneffes to the condition of the
Capitol and of part of the Forum in the
time of the Mirabilia^ and the lift of
relics fupplies the moft interefting com-
mentary on the chapter relating to the

Preface. xxv

bafilicas founded by Conftantine (Part,
ii. c. 8), and upon the fourth chapter
of Church Marvels in the firft part of
the Supplement.

V. At the end of the volume will be
found a medieval map of Rome, of
which a more detailed account forms
the laft article of the Mirahiliana ; at
the clofe of which is a (hort defcription
of the Frontifpiece.*

* The Editor takes this opportunity of fetting
right fomc errors and omilfions in his printed
pagc«.

In page 2, note 3, for Forum of Nerva wc fliould
read, a monument adjoining the Forum of Nerva; and
the reference fliould be to Mirahiliana, p. 161, n.
365. The jirca Noe is not mentioned in the Mira-
bilia.

In p, 65, n. 115, it fliould be added, that the
eighth chapter, which is not in the original Mira-
bilia^ is mainly taken from the Hiftory of the
Baiilica of St. Peter by Petrus Mallius ; and in p.
73, n. 133, that chapters 2, 3, and 4 coincide with
two feftions (§ 127, 130) of the fame book. See
before p. xii.

In p. 110, note 230 fliould be read, See /. 93,
note 187.

xxvi Preface.

I have only to add my thanks to the
friends who have encouraged me in the
preparation of this little work, among
whom it is an honour to me to mention
the Commendatore John Baptift de Rofli,
the higheft authority upon the medieval
and ecclefiaftical antiquities of Rome,
and Profeffor Charles Lewis von Urlichs
of Wiirzburg, whofe name has been fo
long and honourably affociated with the
fubje6l of Roman topography. It will
be readily feen that this volume owes
much to the publifhed works of both
thefe archaeologifts.

CONTENTS

PART I.

Of the Foundation of Rome, and of
her chief monuments.

Chapter I.

Of the Foundation of Rome

Of the Tffuun Wall -

Of the Gates -

Of Triumphal Arches ' -

Of the Hills -

Of Thermae

Of Palaces

Of Theatres

Of Bridges,

10.

Of the Pillars of Antonine

and

Trajan^ and of the Images that were

of old time in Rome

II.

Of Cemeteries -

12.

Of places where Saints fuffered

xxviii Contents.

PART II.

Divers Hifiories touching certain fa-
mous Places and Images in Rome.

Chapter I . Of the Vlfion of OSfavian^ and of

the Sibyl's Anfwer - - - 35

2. Of the Marble Horfes^ and of the
Woman encompajfed with Serpents - 39

3. Wherefore the Horfe was made that

is called Conftantine' s - - - 42

4. ^he making of the Pantheon^ and

of its Confecration - - - 46

5. An Homily of Saints Abdon and
Sennen^ Sixtus and Laurence - 50

6. Wherefore OSf avian was called Au-
guftuSy and wherefore was dedicated
the church of Saint Peter at the
Chains - - - - - 57

7. Of the Cokjfeumj and of Saint

Silvejier - - - - - 62

8. Of the Foundation of the three great

Churches of Rome by Con/lantine^
and of his parting from Pope Silve/ier 65

Contents. xxix

PART III.

A Perambulation of the City.

Chapter I. Of the Vaticaiiy and the Needle - 70

2. Of the Bafitiy and Golden Pinecone

in Saint Peter^s Parvife - - 73

3. Of the Sepulchre of Romulus and the
Terebinth of Nero - - - 75

4. Of the Cajile of Crefcentius or Memo-
rial of Hadrian - - - - 78

$. Of the Sepulchre of Jugu/ius - - 80

6. Of divers places between the Sepulchre

of Auguftus and the Capitol - - 82

7. Of the Capitol ... - 86

8. Of the Palace of Trajan and his

Forum^ and of the Temples nigh
thereto - - - - " 9^

9. Of the Temple of Mars by the Prifon
of Mamertinus^ and of other buildings

' nigh to Saint Sergius his Church - 94

10. Of Cannaparay and the place called
Helly and of the Temples between
Cannapara and the Arch of Seven
Lamps " - - - - 96

11. Of the Palatine Hill and the parts
nigh thereto - - - - lox

XXX Contents.

12. Of the Circus of Tarquin - - 1 03

13. From the Caelian Hill to Saint Cross

in Jerufakm - - - - 106

14. Of the Eajiern garter of the City- 107

1 5. Of the parts of the City nigh unto the
Tiber - - - - - no

16. Of the Tranjiiberim - - - US

17. Conclufion - - - - - 117

MIRABILIANA.

PART I.

The Marvels of Roman Churches.

Chapter I . Of the Founding of the Church of

Saint Mary Major - - - 121

2. Of the Converfion of Cmjiantine - 122

3. Of the Bafilica of Saint Peter - 125

4. Of the Church of Lateran - - 129

5. Of Saint PauPs Bafilica, and the

Cloifter of Anaftafius - - - ^33

6. Of Saint Mary Major and Round

Saint Mary - - - - 134

7. Of Saint Mary Nm - - - 135

Contents. xxxi

8. Of divers Churches and Relics - 137

9. OfPopeyoan - - - " ^39

10. Of Ara Cell and Saint Sixtus - 141

11. Of the things beyond Saint Sixtus - 142

12. Of the Palatine and Saint Gregory 143

13. Of fundry Churches and Relics - 144

14. Of the Churches in Tranftiberim - 148

15. Of the Jventine Hill - - - 148

16. Of Saint Barbara^ Saint Martin^
and Saint Agnes - - - 149

17. Of Saint Laurence - - - 151

18. Of Saint Sebaftian - - - 151

PART II.

A defcription of Rome by Benjamin of
Tudeky an Hebrew Traveller y about
AM. 1170 - . - - 153

PART III.
Ordo Romanus.

Extraai. ProceJJion from Saint Anajiafia to

the Vatican - - - - 157

2. ProceJJion from Saint Hadrian to

Saint Mary the Greater - - 160

xxxii Contents.

Extraa 3, Procejfton from Saint Mary the
Greater to the Lateran^ with the
Ceremony of the Loft Suffer - 163

4. Procejfton from the Lateran to Saint
Peter*s and back - - - 165

5. ProceJJionfrom the Coloffeiim to Saint

Peter's - - - - - 172

6. ProceJJion with the Sacred Picture

on the Feaji of the Affumption - 1 73

PART IV.
Three Records.

1. Grant of the Capitoline Hill by
Anaclete IL to the Abbey of Saint
Mary in the Capitol - - - 176

2. Grant of half the Arch ofSeverus and
other property by Innocent III. to the
Church of Saint Sergius and Bacchus 1 79

3. Table of Relics at the Lateran
Baftlica. Englifl) Tranjlation - 182
Literal Copy of the fame Table - 186

PART V.

Defcription of the Medieval Plan of Rome
at the end of the Volume; and of the
Front ijpiece - - - - 187

Contents. xxxiii

INDEX - - - - 197

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Part of a Bas-relief on the Bronze Door

of Saint Peter^s - - Frontifpiece.
Medieval Map ef Rome - At page i()6.

or TH-. \

UNIVEHblTY )

or /

THE

MARVELS OF ROME.

Part I.

Of the Foundation of Rome; and
of her Wall J Gates ^ Arches ^
HillSy Thermae, Palaces^ Theatres^
Bridges^ Pillars^ Cemeteries^ and
Holy Places.

I. Of the Foundation of the City of
Rome}

t A FTER the fons of Noah bnilt

/jL the Tower of Confufion, Noah

with his fons entered into a Ihip, as

J This chapter belongs to the Graphia, or fecond
receniion of the Mirabilia ; the additions of which
are diftinguifhed by the figns ft* See Preface. It
has no fpecial value, except to fill up our conception
of the nafcent archaeology of the thirteenth century.
It will be feen, that Varro is exprefsly referred to ;
and other authorities may be readily recognifed.
B

2 The Marvels of Rome.

Hefcodius* writeth, and came unto
Italy. And not far from the place
where now is Rome, he founded a city
of his own name \^ wherein he brought
his travail and his life to an end. Then
his fon Janus, with Janus his fon, Japhet
his grandfon, and Camefe a man of the
countn^, building a city, Janiculum, in
the Palatine mountain, fucceeded to the
kingdom; and when Camefe had gone
the way of all flefh, the kingdom paffed
to Janus alone. The fame, with the
aforefaid Camefe, did build him a palace
in Tranftiberim^ that he called Janicu-
lum, to wit, in that place where the
church of Saint John at Janiculum now
ftandeth.'* But he had the feat of his

^ An author named Efcodius, or Eftodius (other-
wife unknown), is cited by Martin us Polonus in the
prologue to his Chronicle, by Johannes Caballinus,
De virtutibus Romanorumy and by other medieval
authors Urlichs, Codex Romae Jopograpbicus, 113,
1 39 ; Graf, Roma nel Medio Evo^ i. 66.

^ The writer had probably in mind area AV^, the
popular name of the Forum of Nerva. See Part
iii. chapter 8 ; Urlichs, Codex^ 140, 225.

^ This church appears to have been the fame as

The Foundation of Rome. 3

kingdom in the palace that he had builded
in the mountain Palatine ; wherein all
the Emperors and Caefars of after times
did glorioufly dwell. Moreover at that
time Nembroth, which is the fame as
Saturnus that was fliamefuUy entreated
of his fon Jupiter,*^ came to the faid
realm of Janus, and upholden by his aid
founded a city in the Capitol, which he
called Satumia after his own name.
And in thofe days king Italus with the
Syracufans, coming to Janus and Satur-
nus, built a city by the river Albula,
and called it after his name ; and the
river of Albula they did name Tiber,
after the likenefs of the dyke of Syra-
cufe that was fo called. After this,
Hercules coming unto the realm of
Janus with the Argives, as Varro
telleth,® made a city called Valentia

St. John in mita aurea. Its exadt fitc is not known.
See chapter 7, note 43.

• The myth alluded to belongs to the preceding
generation of Gods. Hcfiod. Theog, 179.

fi The paflagc in Varro relates to the Sacraria
Argcorum. Argeos di3os putant a principibusy qui turn

4 The Marvels of Rome.

under the Capitol. And afterwards,
Tibris, king of the Aboriginesj coming
with his nation did build him a city by
the Tiber, nigh whereunto he was flain
by Italus in a fight that he had with
him. At laft Evander, king of Arcady,
with his men made a city in the Palatine
mountain.^ In like wife Coribas, coming
with an hoft of Sicariians, built a city
faft by, in the valley. And Glaucus
alfo, younger fon of the fon of Jupiter,^
coming thither with his men, raifed a
city and built walls. After whom
Roma, Aeneas* daughter, coming with
a multitude of Trojans, built a city in
the palace of the town.® Moreover
Aventinus Sllvius,® king of the Albans,

Herctde Argivo venerunt Romam^ et in Satumia fub*
federunt. Varro, Z.Z. chapter 45.

6 Virgil, Aen. viii. 5i» 3'9> 33^.

^ Filius minor eiusflii lovis.

* yentens Rome filia Henee . . civitatem in palatio
urbis conftruxit,

^ This double name is taken from Varro, fupple-
mented by Livy. Aventinum . . (didum) a rege
Aventino Albano, Varro, Z. Z. 43. Manfit Silviis
poftea omnibus cognomen qui Albae regnaverunt, Liv* i* 3,

The Foundation of Rom^. J5

did rear him a palace and maufoleum in
the mountain Aventinus.

Now when the four hundred and
thirty- third year was fulfilled after the
deftruction of the town of Troy, Ro-
mulus was born of the blood of Priam,
king of the Trojans. And in the
twenty-fecond year of his age, in the
fifteenth day of the Calends of May,
he encompaffed all the faid cities with a
wall, and c alled the fame Rome after ^
his o wn name. And in her Etrurians,
Sabines, Albans, Tufculans, Politanes,
Telenes, Ficanians,*^ Janiculans, Came-
rians, Capenates, Falifcans, Liicanians,
Italians, and, as one may fay, all the
noble folk of the whole earth, with
their wives and children, come together
for to dwell.f

*® Ancus , . (Politorio capto) multitudinem omnem
Romam traduxit . . » Additi eodem^ Telienis Ficanaqui
eaptis, novi ctves. Liv. u 33.

6 The Marvels of Rome.

2. Of the Town Wall.''

THE wall of the city of Rome hath
towers three hundred threefcore
and one, caftles forty and nine, [chief
arches feven,] battlements fix thoufand
and nine hundred, gates twelve, poftems
five ; and in the compafs thereof there
are twenty and two miles, without
reckoning the Tranfliberim^ and the
Leonine city, [that is the fame as Saint
Peter's Porch.]

3. Of the Gates}""

THE gates of the famous city be
thefe. Porta Capena^ that is
called Saint Paul's Gate, by the Temple

*^ Very full and curious pjirticulars concerning
the matters referred to in this fcdlion are found at
the end of the Einfiedeln Itinerary. (Urlichs,
Codex Topog, 78; Jordan, Tofograpbie, ii. 578.)
There is no mention there of caftles or ehief arches.
The exaggeration of the circuit of wall, which is
common to other medieval defcriptions, is thought
by De Rofli to have originated in a mifapprehenfion
of the meafurements given by Pliny. Hifl, Nat, iii.
5, 66 ; De Rofli, Piante di Roma^ 68.

^2 The gates are named in the order of their

The City Gates. 7

of Remus ;'* porta Appia^ [where is the
church, that is named Domine quo
vadiSy that is to fay, Lord whither goeft
thou, where are feen the footfteps of
Jefus Chrift] ; porta Latina^ [becaufe
there the Latins and Apulians were wont
to go into the city ; there is the veffel
that was filled with boiling oil and in
the which the bleffed John the Evangelift
was fet]; porta Metrovia\ porta Afi-
narta^ that is called Lateran Gate; porta
Lavicana^ that is called Greater; porta
Taurina^ that is called Saint Lau-
rence's Gate, or the gate of Tivoli, [and
it is called Taurina^ or the Bull Gate,
becaufe there be carved thereon two
heads of bulls, the one lean and the
other fat \ the lean head, that is without,

pofition, beginning with the Porta di San Paolo,
and ending with the Porta FUminta (or Porta del
Popolo), and the gat«5 which clofed the paiTage of
the Ponte di Sant' Angelo.

^ The pyramid of Ceftius bore the name of
Sepulchre (or Temple) of Remu:*, as the pyramid
which formerly flood near the Caflle of Sc. Angelo
was called the Sepulchre of Romulus. Sec Part
iii. chapter i.

8 The Marvels of Rome.

fignifieth them that come with flender
fubftance mto the city, the fat and full
head within fignifieth them that go
forth rich] ; porta Numentana [that
leadeth to the city of Nomentum] ;
porta Salaria^ [the which hath two
Ways, to wit, the old Salarian Way
that leadeth to the Milvian Bridge, and
the new way that goeth forth to the
Salarian Bridge] ; porta Pinciana^
[becaufe king Pincius his palace is
there]'*; porta Flaminia^ [that is called
Saint Valentine's] ;" porta Collina^ at
[the caftle that is by Saint Peter's
bridge, the which is called the emperor]
Hadrian's caftle, [who made Saint
Peter's bridge].
Beyond Tiber be three gates : porta

^^ A domus Pinciana exifted in a ruinous condition
in the time of Theodoric. Caffiodorus {Far, iii.
lo) givea the form of an order for the removal to
Ravenna of fome of its marble materials. Nothing
more is known of its hiftory, Coniiderable remains
appear in the medieval plans.

1* The ancient church of St. Valentine, repaired
by Leo III. (795—816), was outfide the Porta del
Popolo, near Ponte Molle.

Triumphal Arches. 9

Septimiana^ feven Naiads joined with
Janus;'® /or/a Aurelia or aurea^ that
is to fay, Golden [the which is now
called Saint Pancras his gate]; and
porta Portuenjis.

[In Saint Peter's Porch be two gates,,
whereof the one is called the gate of
the Cattle of the holy Angel, and the
other porta Viridaria^ that is to say,
the gate at the Garden]." ^

4. Of Triumphal Arches.

ARCHES Triumphal be thefe that
follow [the which were made for
an Emperor returning from a triumph,

1^ ^eptem Naiades iunctae lam, Thefe words, which
were fuggefted by Ovid (Metam, xiv. 785), appear to
be introduced to fupply an etymology for the name
Septimiana, The later copies iubiUtute the words
ubifeptem laudes fuerunt fa&ae O&aviano.

I*' The porta Viridaria is now reprefented by
Porta Angelica. The name was derived from the
viridarium or garden, which was behind the Vatican
Palace, and which was furrounded with a new wall
by pope Nicolas III. in 1278. See an ancient
infcription prcferved in the Palace .of the Con-
fervators in the Capitol ; and De Roffi, Piante^ p. 83.

hi C

lo The Marvels of Rome.

aod whereunder they were led with
worfhip by the fenators, and his vidlory
was graven thereon for a remembrance
to pofterity] ; Alexander's Golden Arch
at Saint Celfus/® the arch of the em-
perors Theodofius and Valentinian and
Gratian at Saint Urfus ;** the triumphal
arch [of marble that the Senate decreed
to be adorned with trophies in honour
of Drufus, father of Claudius Caefar, on
account of the Rhaetic and German wars
by him nobly atchieved; whereof the
veftiges do barely appear] without the
Appian Gate at the temple of Mars ; in
the Circus the arch of Titus and Vef-

^* The marble arch, which was at Saint Celfus
under the churcii tower, is faid to have fallen downi
during the time of Pope Urban V. (1362-70).
Anonymus Mag/raifeubianm,\Jr\ic]\SfCo^cx,i^^. Jor-
dan identifies this arch with that of Arcadius,
Honorius and Theodofius, of which the infcription
is preferved in the Einfiedeln Itinerary. Tofografbie,
ii. 413.

^* The church of Saint Urfus was near the
bridge of Saint Angelo, The jinonymus fpeaks of
the arch as whole, but not of marble. Urlichs,
CDdex, 153.

Triumphal Arches. \ t

pafian f^ the arch of Coiiftantine by the
Amphitheatre ; at New Saint Mary*s,
between the Greater Palace and the
temple of Romulus, the arch of the
Seven Lamps of Titus and Vefpasian;
[where is Mofes his candleftick having
feven branches, with the Ark, at the
foot of the Cartulary Tower] ; the arch
of f Juliusf Caefar and the Senators
between the Aedes Concordiae and the
Fatal Temple, [before Saint Martina,
where be now the Breeches Towers] ;^'
nigh unto Saint Laurence in LucinUy
the triumphal arch of Odlavian ;^* An-

*^ The infcriptions of an arch in via Appia in
honour of Auguftus, and of an arch in circo fnaximc
in honour of Titus, have been prefcrvcd in the
Einfiedeln Itinerary. The added words relpefting
th« former arch arc of the fifteenth century.

^^ The arch of Severus probably gained the name
here given to it from a carelefs reading of the
infcription, ftill preferved upon it, imp. caes. . . •
s. p. Q. R. It was crowned in the Middle Ages by
two towers, one of which belonged to the church of
SS. Sergius and Bacchus. Hence the name, turres
de Bracts, Nichols, Notizie dei Rostri, 63, 65.

.22 The fite of this arch, which crofled the via
Flaminia^ is marked by an infcripiion on the houfe,

i 2 The Marvels of Rome.

toniniis his arch^ nigh to his pillar,
[where is now the tower of the Tofetti].*^
Then there is an arch at Saint Mark's^
that is called Hand of Flelh,^* ffor at
the time when in this city of Rome*
Lucy, an holy matron, was tormented
for the faith of Chrift by the emperor
Diocletian, he commanded that (he

No. 167 Corfo, at the Corner of the Via della Vite.
Its attribution to 06lavian is purely arbitrary. It
is now generally believed to have been ere£le<? in
honour of Marcus Aurelius; and fome of its fculp-
tures are in the Mufeum of the Conferva tors.

^ This was probably the Arch of Claudius, which
carried the Aqua Virgo acrofs the Via Flaminia in
front of the Palazzo Sciarra, and which bore an
uifcription commemorating the Emperor's campaign
in Britain. The name of Antoninus was borrowed
from the neighbouring column- The furnamc of
the Tofetti occurs clfcwhcre ; the pofition of their
Tower is not known.

^ Arcus manus cameae is mentioned in a Procef^
iional Order of the twelfth century, as lying between
St. Mark's and the CUvus Argentarius. This Order
is extracted in a future page. The name Macel
dci Corvi, ftill exifting in this locality, is thought
to be derived from it. This name ( Macellum tor-
varum) is given in Bufalini's plan to the Salita di
Marforio.

Triumphal A rches. 1 3

fhould be laid down and be beaten to
death; and behold, he that finote her
was made ftone> but his hand remained
jiefli, unto the feventh day; wherefore
the name of that place is called Hand
of FleOi to this day.**t In the Capitol
is the arch of Gold Bread ;^ [and in the
Aventine the arch of Fauftinus nigh tp
Saint Sabina.*^

There are moreover other arches,
which are not triumphal but memorial

^ The ftory told in the text is found in the
medieval ASia $. Luciae, Mombritius, ASia Sanc-
iorumy \u 60. , .

2** Jrcus pants aureu The Graphia has arrus
aureus,

^ Nothing is, I think, known of this arch. It
is curious that the arch of Scverus at Saint George
in Velabro is omitted. The Anonymus mentions it at
the end of his longer lift (Urlichs, Codex, "S^)-
The great double arch, near, was probably con-
verted into a tower. The arch of Severus, which
is partly under the corner of the campanile, ^lay
have beca.inclofed by other buildings. An infcrip-
tion preferved in the apfe of the church records, that
in the year 1259 Cardinal Peter Capocci gave to
the church three iites adjoining the campanile, fres
Bias iuxta turritn MSie ecrkfie que difitur advallaraH, its
quod diSie terre aliquo titulo aliennri non pojftnt.

14 The Marvels of Rome.

arches, as is the arch of Piety before
Round Saint Mary's,^ In this place
upon a time^ when an emperor was
ready in his chariot to go forth to war,
a poor widow fell at his feet, weeping
and crying: Oh my lord, before thou
goeft, let me have juftice. And he
promifed her that on his return he
would do her full right; but flie faid:
Peradventure thou fhalt die firft. This
confidering, the emperor leapt from his
chariot, and held his confiftory on the
fpot. And the woman faid, I had one
only fon, and a young man hath flain
him. Upon this faying the emperor
gave fentence. The murderer, faid hei
ihall die, he (hall not live. Thy foa
then, faid ihe, (hall die, for it is he

^ The arch of Piety before St. Mary 7» Aquin^
IS mentioned in Part iii. chapter 6; and St.
Mary in Aquiro is defcribed in a Proceffional Order
as being ad arcum Pietatis. See Ordo Romanusy
Extract I, further on. De Roffi has conje^ured
that the widow of the legend was, in the original
fculpture, a fuppliant nation at the feet of an
emperor.

„ Triumphal A rches^ 1 5

that playing with my fon hath flain him.
But when he was led to death, the
woman fighed aloud, and faid. Let the
young man that is to die be given unto
me in the ftead of my fon ; fp fhall I be
recompenfed, elfe Ihall I never confefs
that I have had full right. This there-
fore was done, and the woman departed
with rich gifts from the emperor.]*^

^^ The legend of the Juftice of Trajan, and of
St. Gregory being moved by the fculpture to obtain
the admiffion of the heathen emperor to Paradife,
is as old as the eighth century. It is told by Paulus
Diaconus in his Life of Gregory; and it appears
to have found cfpecial favour in England, being
related by lohannes Diaconus in the next century,
as read in the Englifh churches {^A^a SS* Ord.
Bened, i. 395, 42^), and alfo by John of Salifbury,
a contemporary of the Mirabtlia {Polycraticusy 1. 5,
c. 8). In the original ftory the fculpture was feen
by St. Gregory in the Forum of Trajan ; but when
this was deftroyed, the legend migrated to another
monument upon which an appropriate fculpture was
found. The hiflory of the legend is difcuffed by
Graf, R<ma nel Medio Evo^ ii. cap 12. In the
Mirabtlia the narrative is fecularized by the omiiQon
of the part of Gregory, and complicated by. the
additional fa£ts of the culprit being the fon of the
empero]; and being faved by the interceffioa of hia

f 6 The Marvels of Rome.

5. Of the Hills.

HILLS within the city be thefe :
funiculus [that is commouly
called Janarian, where is the church of
Saint Sabba]; Aventine, that is alfo
called Quirinal [becaufe the Quirites
were there, where is the church of Saint
Alexius] ; Caelian [where is the church
of Saint Stephen in monte CaelioY^
Capitol [or Tarpeian hill, where is the
Senator's palace*^]; Pallanteum [where

accufer. Dante found the fame fubject carv«d in
Purgatory*

Quivi era ftoriata Talta gloria

Del Roman prince, lo cui gran valore
Moffe Gregorio alia fua gran vittoria :
lo dico di Traiano imperadore:
. £d una vedovella gli era al freno
Di lagrimc atteggiata e di dolore.
Dintorno a lui parea calcato e pieno

Di cavalieri ; e Faquile nell* oro
Sovra effo in vifbi al vcnto ii movieno.

Purg4ftorioy 3C.73.
. ^ The Senate was reflared in name in 1 143^ ^nd:
iniblkd in the Capitol, probably in the aaciest
Tabukrium* See Gregorovius, Hiftory of R^me m
the Middle Age (Ital. tranfl.), iv. 519, 550, De
RoiTi has called attention to a. document dated

Thermae. 1 7

is the Greater Palace] ; Exquiline [that
is called above others,*^ where is the
bafilica of Saint Mary the Greater] ;
Viminal [where is Saint Agatha's church,
and where Virgil, being taken by the
Romans, efcaped invifibly and went to
Naples, whence it is faid, vado ad
Napulim^

6. Of Thermae}^

rT^ HERE be called thermae great
L JL palaces, having full great crypts
under ground, wherein in the winter-

1150, in capitolio in ctmfiftorio novo palatii. Chron.
Pifan. Muratori, vi. 171.

*^ Qttifupra alios dicitur. See Part iii, c. .14,

^ The medieval fame of Virgil as a wizard has
been difcuiTed in feveral recent works. See efpe-
cially Genthe, Leben und Fortleken des VitgiUus: Com-
pare tti^ Virgilio nel Medio Evo,

The words, vado ad Napuiimy allude to the name
BalneapoUsy given to the ruins on the eafl fide of the
Forum of Trajan. (Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 310.)
In a lift of churches of (he fourteenth century it is
written VarionapoUs (Urlichs, CodeXy 171.) The
name ftill furvives in the Via Magnanapoli.

•* Of the ten thermae here named, the following
£x are identified with thermae named in the Notitia:
D

1 8 The Marvels of Rome.

time a fire was kindled throughout, and
in fummer they were filled with freih
waters, fo that the court dwelt in the
upper chambers in much delight; as
may be feen in the thermae of Diocletian,
before Saint Sufana]. Now there are
thie Antonian Thermae; the Domitiaii
Thermae; the Maximian; thofe of Lici-
nius; the Diocletian; the Tiberian [be-
hind Saint Sufana]; the Novatian; thofe
of Olympias [at Saint Laurence in
pant/ptrna'\\ thofe of Agrippa [behind
Round Saint Mary*s] ; and the Alex-
andrine [where is the hofpital of the
Thermae].

jintonianae{Antoninianae)y Domitianae ( Traianae^ see Lib.
Pontifi SymmacbuSy 33), Lidnii {Surae, or Lkinii
Surae)^ Diocletianaey Agrippianae^ Akxandrinae. The
Novatian are known in eccleiiaflical ftory. (ASa
S. Praxedisy 19 Mai, p. 295). Thermae Tiberianae
and Maximianae are perhaps names of other ruins
(not public baths). The Tiberian are faid by the
Amnymus to be behind S. Sufana broken down by
age, probably in the garden of Salluft. Compare
the paluHum Tiberii^ in Part iii, c, 14. The Thermae
Salluftianae occur in the Einiiedeln Itinerary, and
appear to have been the real fcene of the martyrdom
of St. Laurence. Ada S. Laurestii, 10 Aug. p. 519.

Palaces. 19

7. Of Palaces.^

PALACES in the city be thefe : the
Greater Palace fof the Monarchy
of the Earth, wherein is the capital feat
of the whole world, and the Caefarean
palace t, in the Pallantean hill ;" fthe
palace of Romulus nigh unto the hut
of Fauftulus ; f the palace of Severus
[by Saint Sixtus] ; the palace of Claudius
[between the Coloffeum and Saint Peter
in vtncu/a] ; the palace of Conftantine
[in the Lateran, where my lord Pope
dwelleth] : fthis Lateran palace was
Nero's, and named from the fide of the
northern region wherein it ftandeth, or
from the frog which Nero fecretly pro-

•* This term is evidently applied, not only to
the genuine palaces of popular and ecclefiaftical
traditi'^n, but to other important ruins. The ex-
planations of locality, added in the later copies to
the bare lift of names given in the older Mirabilia^
cannot always be taken as a true interpretation of
the original meaning.

^ The remains of the imperial palaces on the
Palatine were called, throughout the Middle Age,
palatium maius.

20 The Marvels of Rome.

duced;** in the which palace there is
now a great church f; the Sufurrian
palace f where is now the church of Saint
Crofsf i*^ the Volufian palace; the palace
of Romulus [between New Saint Mary
and Saint Cofmas], where are the two
temples of Piety and Concord," and
where Romulus fet his golden image,

'* Dictum a latere feptentriimalis plagae in quofiium
ejiy vel a rana quam ^ero iatenter peperit. The ftory
of Nero's parturition is told by Matthew of Weft-
minfter> and other medieval writers. See Graf, i.

338-345-

*• The Bafilica Sejjforiana^ founded by St. Helena,
and enriched with relics brought by her from
Jerufalem, had the name of Jerufalem. Paiatium
quod appellatur Seffmum exifted in the time of Theo-
doric. {Excerpta Falettana, apud Ammianum, ed.
Gardthaufen, ii. 298.) The Einfiedeln traveller,
going eaftward acrofs the ruined city, pafTcd., firft,
paiatium iuxta iberufalem^ and then, Hierufalem.
{Itin. Einfied.i Urlichs, Codex, 73.) The Volufian
palace, next mentioned, was probably named, not
from the emperor, but from a Volufian afTociated
in legend with the ftory of Pilate. Graf, i. 380, 392,

'^ The palace or temple (thefe words in Mira-
biUan nomenclature are frequently interchanged)
of Romulus was the Bafilica of Conftantine. The
temple of Piety and Concord was the double temple
of Venus and Rome. See Part iii. c. 10.

Palaces. 21

faying, It fliall not fall till that a
virgin bear a child ; and as foon as
the Virgin bore a fon, the image fell
down;*^ the palace of Trajan and
Hadrian, where is the pillar [twenty
paces of height]; Conftantine's palace;'®
Salluft his palace ; Camillus his palace;^®
Antonine's palace, where is his pillar
[twenty-feven paces high] ; Nero's pal-
ace*' [where is Saint Peter's Needle]
f and wherein reft the bodies of the

^ A like ftory is told by Alexander Neckam {De
naturis rerum, ed. Wright, p. 312), as a fupplcment
to the flory of the Vifion of Auguftus (fee further
on, Part ii. c. i); but it is Virgil who ufcs the
words, It JbaU not faii^ 8cc. of the palace of Auguflu8«

^ This fecond palace of Conflantine was pro-
bably the thermae Conftantmianae on the Quirinal.
See Part iii. c. 14.

**^ Palatium Camilli, otherwife Camillanum{?^Tt iii.
c. 6.), and Campus CamiiianuSy was the iite of the an-
cient monaftery of SS. Cyriac and Nicolas, now ap-
parently abforbed in the convent of S. Marta
(founded 1546), near the Collegio Roniano. An
arch, called Arcus CamiUi^ croffing the Via del Pi^
di Marmo at the north-weft corner of the convent,
is (hown in Bufalini's plan, dated 1 502*

*^ The £>riginal Miralnha ends the chapter with
the words Paiatium Neronis, ubi eft fepulchrum Julii

22 The Marvels of Rome.

ApafUes Peter and Paul, Simon and
Jude; Julius Caefar's palace, where is
the fepulchre of Julius Caefar; Chro-
matins his palace; Eufimianus his palace ;
the palace of Titus and Vefpafian with-
out Rome at the catacombs;** Domitian's
palace beyond Tiber at the Golden Mor-
felf;*' Odlavian's palace [at Saint Lau^
rence in Lucind\^*^

Caefaris: faUtium OSavianu The Jatcr copies have
fome of the additions of the Graphia (difiinguiihed
in the text by the croflcs tt), and add paktium
Pompeii after Cbromatii. As to the pakuium Chro-
tnatii^ fee Part iii. c. 1 5.

*^ In the defcription of Rome by the Jewifti tra-^
veller, Benjamin of Tudela, the palace of Titus is
outfide the walls. See the eztradt at the end of
this volume.

^ Falatium Domtium in tranftiberim ad mitam
auream, A place called mica aurea occurs in the
Einiiedeln Itinerary (Urlichs, Codex^ 73); and is
apparently in the I'raftevere. And a church of Sl
John in mica aurea on the Jantculum occurs in the
fourteenth century. (See note 4; Gregorovius, Hiftorjy
Ital. tranfl. iii. 636; Urlichs, CodeXj 175.) Per-
haps it i» the fame as Montorio, a name faid to be
derived from the yellow fand found there.

** Paiatium OUaviani in the original text probably
alludes to the legend of Ara coeli (fee Part ii. c. i)
the later addition to the arch mentioned in p. 1 1-

Theatres. 23

8. Of Theatres.^''

THE theatres be thefe : the theatre
of Titus and Vefpafian at the
catacombs ; the theatre of Tarquin and
the Emperors at the Seven Flooris;
Pompey's theatre at Saint Laurence
\in Darnqfo] ; Antoninus his theatre by
Antoninus his bridge ; Alexander's the-

^ The firft fix monuments named under this
head appear to be the following: i, the circus of
Maxentius, 2, the Circus Maximus, 3, the theatre
of Pompey, 4, the theatre of Balbus, 5, the ftadium
of Severus Alexander (Piazza Navona), 6, the circus
of Hadrian near the maufoleum of Hadrian. The
feventh and laft monument may be the Circus
Flaminius. But if this interpretation is corred,
not only the Colofleum, which might feem to form
a clafs by itfelf, but the theatre of Marcellus is
omitted. There is fomc reaf(9n to fufpeft that the
latter building is denoted by the term Tbesarum
Flaminium, When the remains of the Flaminian
circus had become obfc«ire, the name may have
been transferred to the more confpicuous ruin. See
at the end of cap. 2 2 ; and fee alfo the firft extrad
from the Ordo Romanus at the end of this volume.
In the medieval A^ls of St. Agnes^ the prefedl comes
ad tbeatrum^ that is, to the Alexandrine ftadium.
Mombritius, £ 18.

24 TTie Marvels of Rome,

atre nigh unto Round Saint Mary's;
Nero's theatre nigh to Crefcentius his
caftle ; and the Flaminian theatre.

9. OfBrtdges.^^ '

BRIDGES be thefe: the Milvian
bridge; the Hadrian bridge; the
Neronian bridge fat SaJ/ia\]*^ the An-
tonine bridge ^tn arenula]^^'' the Fa-
brician bridge, fwhich is called the
Jews' bridgef, [becaufe Jews dwell
there]; Gratian's bridge f between the
ifland and the Tran/itberim\ \ the
Senators' bridge fof Saint Maryf;**
the marble bridge of Theodofius fat

^ The bridges are arranged in order, going down
the ilream.

^^ The locality now called Borgo di San Spirito
in Saflia was in the early Middle Age known as the
Ficus Saxonum or Saxonia, owing to the foundation
there of a Scbola Saxonum by Ini, king of the Weft
Saxons, in 727, and of a hofpital for pilgrims by
Offa, king of Mercia, in 794.

♦^ Pms Jntmnuj, the Pons Aurelius of the No-
titia, the modern Ponte Sifto in the region called
Arenula; broken down before 1018, rebuilt 1475.

*8 The Ponte Rotto, called St. Mary's Bridge
from the church of St. Mary Egiziaca,

Great Pillars. . 25

the Riparmeaf, aad the Valentinian
bridge/®

to. Of the Pillars of Antonine and
:. of Trajan; ptnd of the Images that
were of old time in Rome^

THE winding pillar of Antonine*^*
hath one hundred threefcore and
fifteen feet of height, fteps in number
two hundred and three, windows forty
and five. The winding pillar of Trajan
hath in height one hundred thirty and
eight feet, fteps in number one hundred
fourfcore and five, windows forty and five.
The coloffean Amphitheatre hath one
hundred and eight fubmiffal feet of
height/*

** Riparmea (hould, according to Jordan, be Ripa
Romea, a medieval name for the Ripa Grande. The
fame author thinks that the Valentinian Bridge was
the fame as that of Theodofius, and that there were
never more than two bridges below the ifland.
%opugraphydy ii. 195.

*® The materials of this feftion are derived from
the Notitia, =

^^ Columpna Antmini coclidii^

^^ Coloffeum dmpbitheatrum (jColofm ampbitheatri,
E

26 The Marvels of Rome.

tin Rome were twenty and two
great horfes of gilded brafs, horfes of
gold fourfcore, horfes of ivory fourfcore
and four,*^ common jakes an hundred
and fourfcore and four, great fewers
fifty, bulls, griflFons, peacocks, and a
multitude of other images, the coftlinefs
whereof feeraed beyond meafure, info-
much that men coming to the city had
good caufe to marvel at her beauty.f

II. Of Cemeteries^

THE cemeteries be thefe ; the ceme-
tery of Calepodius at Saint Pan-
eras ; the cemetery of Saint Agatha at

Graphia). The Notitia, in the fourth region,
mentions Colojfum ahum pedes centum duo femis. After
the removal of the flatue, the name of ColofTus
pafled to the amphitheatre. The word fubmijfales
(for which I do not know that any meaning has
been fuggefted) feems to have arifen out of the
Jemis of the Notitia.

^^ In the Notitia it is Dei aurei LXXX. eburnei
LXXXIUL By carelefs tranfcription the gods
have been changed to horfes.

^ Before the eleventh century, the infecurity of
the open country had led to the abandonment of
the ancient cemeteries or catacombs, and to the

Cemeteries. 27

the Ring ;** Urfus his cemetery at Por-
tefa;^ Saint Felix his cemetery; Calixtus
his cemetery by the catacombs [at the
church of Saint Fabian and Saint Se-
baftian] ; Praetextatus his cemetery nigh
unto the Appian gate at Saint ApoUi-
naris; Gordian's cemetery without the
Latin gate ; the cemetery between Two

removal of the venerated remains of faints and
martyrs to the churches within the walls. De
Roffi has (hown that this fe6lion is topographically
arranged, and founded upon information which
would not have been acceffiblc to a writer of the
eleventh century, unlefs he copied from an older
written work (De Rofli, Roma Sotterranea, i. 158,
175-183). William of Malmelbury has a valuable
account of the cemeteries arranged under the names
of the gates leading to them, which is evidently
copied from fome good earlier authority. Will,
Malme[b.</<f Gefiis reg. AngL ed. Savil, 1601, p. 135.

^ Ad girolum. This :emetery was near the Porta
di S. Pancrazio. The giro/us was the circus of
Caligula. The name Agatha may have been fug-
gefted by Agapita, the name of a faint buried there.

^ There has been a tranfpoiition of names. It
(hould be, The cemetery of the Capped Bear (urfi
pikati) in the Via Portueniis, and the cemetery of
Urfus at S. Viviana, within the walls. De Roffi,
Roma Sotterranea, i. 175-183.

28 The Marvels of Rome.

Bays" at Saint Helen's; the cemetery
of the Capped Bear* at Saint Viviana ;
the cemetery of the ager Veranus at
Saint Laurence [without the walls] ; the
cemetery of Saint Agnes ; the cemetery
of Saint Peter's well;** Prifcilla's ceme-
tery at the Salarian bridge ; the ceme-
tery at the Cucumber Hill;** Trafo's
cemetery at Saint Satuminus; the ceme-
tery of Saint Felicity nigh unto that of
Calixtus; [the cemetery of Saint Mar-
cellus on the old Salarian Way; the
cemetery of Balbina on the Ardeatine
Way ; the cemetery of the Innocents at
Saint Paul] ; the Pontian cemetery ; the

*^ Inter duos Inuros, The burial-place of St.
Helen, on the Via Labicana.

*« Cimiterium urfi pikati. See note 56.

** Cimiterium fontis [al. ad nympbam"] fancti Petri.
The /ens S. Petri was on the Via Nomentana, where
St. Peter was faid to have baptized. De Rofli,
Roma Sotterranea, i. 159, 179.

^ Cimiterivm ciivi cucumeris. The oldeft copies
have cimiterium cucumeris. The fpot, locus qui dicitur
cucumeriSy is defcribed by William of Malmc(bury
as near th€ point where the Via Pmciana. joined the
Via Salaria. Will. Malmefb. ed. Savil, 1601, p. 135

Holy Placeh 29

cemetery of Saint Hermes and DomiT
tilla ; the cemetery of Saint Cyriac on
the Oftian way. [Thefe cemeteries
were chambers under ground that fome^
times ftretched for three miles, and
wherein the holy martyrs were hidden.]

12. Of places 'nyhere Saints suffer ed!^^

THESE arier the places that are
found in the paffions of Saints:
without the Appian gate, the place
where the bleffed Sixtus was beheaded,
and the placfe where the Lord appeared
to Peter, when he faid, Lord^ whither
goeil thou, and the temple oif Mars; ^^

*i Prafeffor Jordan {Tof9graphie\ ii. 3B0) has fup*
plied moft of the references to the A^a Sanctorum,
which I give below. See alfa Mariindli; Roma
Sacra^ 37. . .

^2 The temple of Mars, about two. miles, from
the Porta Appia, was the,; place where St. Sixtus
was beheadeid. Jcta S. Sixti, 6 Aug. 140. See
alfo Jcta S. Stephanie 2 Aug. 141 ; S. Comelii^
14 Sept. 144. In the legendary Acts of Pope
Stephen (Morabritius, ii. 274) the temple fell upon
the prayer of.thatfaint... .

30 The Marvels of Rome.

within the gate, the Dripping Arch;®'
then, the region of Fafciola at Saint
Nereus ;•* the Vicus Canartus at Saint
George, where was Lucilla's houfe,^
and where is the Golden Vail;^ the
aqua Salvia at Saint Anaftafius, where
the bleffed Paul was beheaded, [and the
head thrice uttered the word Jefus, as
it bounded, and where there be yet
three wells which fpring up diverfe
in tafte] f the garden of Lucina, where

•• Intra portam arcus ftillae. The fo-called Arch
of Drufus, which carried an aqucdu£l acrofs the
road. St. Stephen Pope was imprifoned and held
a Synod in carcere ad arcum ftelke^ perhaps not the
fame place. {Lib. Pontif, Stepb. I.) A fcholiaft to
Juvenal gives the name arcus ftillam to the Porta
Capena on account of the aquedudl ovef it. SchoL
adjuv. iii. ii.

W FeRx 111. RofRanus de. titulo Fajciolae. Lib.
Pontif. in vita Felicis III.

<** J^a S. Laurentii, lo Aug. -518; S. Eufebiiy 25
Aug. 11$ ; ^« Sixtiy 6 Aug. 141.

^^ Eft ibi velum aureum^ the medieval corruption
of Vekbrum; another corrupted form occurs in the
infcription cited in Note 27.

«7 The church of St. Anaftafius at the Tre Fon-
tane was given by Innocent II in 1140 (about the

Holy Places. 31

is the church of the bleffed Paul, and
where he lieth.^ Interlude^ that is,
between two Games;®* the hill of
Scaurus, which is between the Amphi-
theatre and the Racecourfe, before the
Seven Floors,'" where is the fewer,
wherein Saint Sebaftian was caft, who

date of the Mirabilia) to Saint Bernard^ who founded
there a convent of Cidercian monks.

^ More correftly the Cemetery 01 Commodilla.
De RoiH, Roma Sotterr, i. 185 ; J£ia SanSiorum, Juni*.
vol. vii. 488.

^ Interlude, id eft inter duos hdos. A few lines
below we find : in tellure, id eft in cannapara. (See
alfo Part iii. c. lo). The locality called in Tellure^
or locus Telluris (alfo in Tellude and Telludis temflum)^
occurs frequently in Afts of Saints and elfewhere,
as the place where the Praefedtus Urbis held his
tribunal. Lib. Pontif. Cornelius, J ; J£ia S. Gordiani,
10 Mai. 551; S. Creftrentiani, i6 Ian. 370, 372; S,
Marii, 19 Ian. 580; S. Stephani, z Aug. 142 ; ^. Sixti,
6 Aug. 141 ; S. Abundiiy 16 Sept. 30 K The temple
of Tellus was near the Suburra, in Carinis, Corp,
Infer, Lat, 1. 145.

^® Clivus Scauri, qui eft inter amphitheatrum et
ftadium (between the Coloflcum and the Circus
Maximus) was the refidence of Saint Gregory,
where the church of Saint Gregory now (lands.
Near this was the Septizonium Severi, called, in
Mirabilian nomenclature, y^//^^///ym orjeptem folia.

3^ The Marvels of Rome.

teve^led his body to Saint Lucina, faying
Jhou {halt find niy body hanging on a
nail ;"" the via Cornelia by the Milvian
bridge, and goeth forth into the,ftreet;''
the via Aur.elia nigh to the Ring.;" the
^eps of EUogal)alus in the entry of the
Palace ;^V the chained ifland behind Saint
Trinity ;'* the Dripping Arch before the
Seven Floors ;^* the Roman Arch be- :
tweep the. Aventine and Albifton, where
the bleffed Silvefter and Conftantine
kiffed, and departed the one from the
other ;'^ in Tellurej that is the Canapara^

. ^1 The words are taken from the Acts of St^
Sdba(tian(20 Ian. 642). Sebaftiaftusapparuit S, Lucinae,
' dUens^ in cloaca ilia quae eft iuxta circum invenies ccrpus
meum pendens in gompba^

'^^ Et exit in/tratam. The meaniiig is obfcmp.

^' Iuxta girokm^ the Circus of Caligula, near the
Vatican.

'!\ Gradus tliogabatu '{Jfia S. Sebaftimi, 20 Ian,
642.) The locality appears to have ber^n on the
Palatine Hill.

^* Et in/ula catenata pojtfanSam Trinitatem^

7^^ Arcus unions antefeptemfolium. See Notes 63, 70;

'^ Jlbijton was. a name given to. the church of St,
3albina;.see Part ill. c. 11. The legend of the
parting of Conftantine and; Saint Silvefter, when

Holy Places. 33

where was the Houfe of Tellusy* the
prifon of Mamertinus before the Mars
nnder the Capitol ;^^ the Vitus Latertcti
^t Saint Praxede ; the Vicus Patrtcti
at Saint Pudentiana ;*• the bafilica of
Jupiter at Saint Quiricus ;" the thermae
of Olympias, where the blefled Laurence

the Emperor was fuppofcd to have furrendcred Rome
with the fupremaqr of the Weftem Empire to the
Pope, was of great political importance. See Part iL
c. 8; Gregorovius, Hiftory^ Ital. tranfl. iv. 405; Graf,
ii. 93.

'* The Canapara appears to have been in the ruins
of the Balilica Julia (see Part iii. c. 7), whereas the
ancient temple of Tellus was in the quarter called
Cannae, See Note 69.

'^ Privata Mamertinu The ancient Carter^ and the
traditional prifon of the apoftles Peter and Paul ;
oppofite to which was the ftatue of a river-god,
mifcalled Mars, more lately Marforio. Privata
Mamerttni occurb in the A3a S. Stepbani Papae.
Mombritius, ii. 274-

®® Vkus iaterkius occurs only in conneftion with
the church of St. Praxede. ricas patrkius was an
ancient ftreet, and was famous in ecclefiaftical tradi-
tion for the houfe of Pudens and the reiidence of
St. Peter.

*^ Bafilka lovk is mentioned in the Afts of St,
Laurence as a part of the Palace of Tiberius (ABa
S. Laurentii 10 Aug. 518). It is placed here at St.
F

34 The Marvels of Rome.

was broiled, in Panifperaa;®* the Ti-
berian palace of Trajan, where Decius
and Valerian withdrew themfelves after
Saint Laurence's death,*' [where the
place is called the Baths of the Cor-
nuti;]** the Circus Flaminius at the
Jews' bridge ;** in the Tranftiberim^ the
temple of the Ravennates, pouring forth
oil, where is Saint Mary's/*

Quiricus. Compare Part iii c. 8. In a Proceifional
Order the name occurs near the Piazza Montanara.
See the firft extradl from the Orio Romanus.

^ The thermae of Olympias are not named in
the A6^s of St. Laurence, See Note 33, ad Jin,

*• Jita 5. Laurentii, 10 Aug. 518.

•* Tbermoi df Cornutis (al. cormitiis),

w J£ia S. Marcelli^ 16 Ian. 371. The *Flaminian
Circus at the Jews' Bridge' was perhaps the Theatre
of Marcellus. See p. 23, Note 44; and Ordo Romanus^
Extras I.

*• See Part iii, c. 16.

Part II.

TTie Second Part containeth divers
Hijlories touching certain famous
Places and Images in Rome.

I. Of the Vifion of 06lavian the Em-
peror^ and of the Sibyl's Anfwer.^'^

IN the time of the emperor Odlavian,*
the Senators, feeing him to be of fo

®^ The legend of Auguftus and the prophecy of
Chrift firft occurs in the Cbronograpbia of Malalas, a
writer according to Gibbon {Hifl. c, xL note ii)
little* later than Juftinian, who died in 565.
( Malalas, Cbronog. lib. x. p. 2 3 1 , ed. Dindorf.) This
Greek form of the legend is given more concifely
by Suidas. " Auguftus Caefar, after he had facrificed,
aiked the Pythia who fhould reign after him, and
(he faid:

An Hebrew Child, that rules among the Bleffed,
Bids me forego my houfe, and feek the fhades.
Thou therefore henceforth from my fhrine depart.

And, going forth from the oracle, Auguftus fet in
the Capitol an altar, on which he infcribed, in
Latin letters, This is the Altar of the Firft-born

36 The Marvels of Rome.

great beauty, that none could look into
his eyes,®* and of fo great profperity and
peace, that he had made all the world
to render him tribute, faid unto him:
We defire to worfhip thee, becaufe the
godhead is in thee; for if it were not
fo, all things would not profper with
thee as they do. But he, being loth,
demanded a delay, and called unto him
the Sibyl of Tibur, to whom he re-
. hearfed all that the Senators had faid.
She begged for three days fpace, in the
which flie kept a ftraight faft; and thus
made anfwer to him after the third day:
Thefe things, fir emperor, fliall furely
come to pafs: .

Tokeh of doom 1 the Earth (hall drip with iwcat ;
From Heaven fhall come the King for evermore.
And prefent in the flefh fhall judge the world.

God." (Suidas, Lexicon^ s. v. Avyowirroc.) The hiftory
of the legend is very fully difcufled b) Graf, Roma
nel Medio Evoyi 309 — 320.

^ Forma fait eximia . . . ocuks habuit claros ac
Hitidoi . * gaudebatque fi quis acrius intuentiy quasi 4d
fulgbnm folisy vuUum dimitteret. Suetonius, Auguftus^
c*79. :

The Vifion of 06lavian. 37

And the other verfes that follow.®* And
anon, f whiles 0<5lavian diligently heark^
ened to the Sibyl,f the heaven was
opened, and a great brightnefs lighted
upon him; and he faw in heaven a virgin,
paffing fair. Handing upon an altar, and
holding a man-child in her arms, whereof
he marvelled exceedingly; and he heard
a voice from heaven f faying. This is the
Virgin that fliall conceive the Saviour
of the World. And again he heard
another voice from heaven,t faying,
This is the altar of the Son of God.
The emperor ftraightway fell to the
ground, and worfliipped the Chrift that
Ihould come. This vifion he fliowed to
the Senators, and they in like wife mar-
velled exceedingly. The vifion took
place in the chamber of the emperor

^ \Iudidi Jignum, Tellm fudon made feet :
E caelo Rtx adveniet per fecla fuiurusy
Scilicet in came praefent ut iudicet erbem,

Thefe three lines are the firft of twenty-feven,
given by Saint Auguitine, as a tranflation from a
Greek poem afcribed to the Erythrsan Sibyl. De
Civitate Dei, 1. xviii. c. 23.

38 The Marvels of Rome.

06lavian, where now is the church of
Saint Mary in the Capitol, [where the
Friars Minors are.]^ Therefore is it
called Saint Mary in ara coeli?^

f Upon another day, when the people
had decreed to call him Lord, he forth-
with flayed them with hand and look,
neither did he fuffer himfelf to be called
Lord even by his fons,*' saying:

Mortal I am, and will not call me Lord.f

^ The Francifcans were eftabltflied in 1250,
twenty-five years after St. Francis' death, in the
Abbey- of the Capitol, where they ftill retain a
feeble hold on the church.

*^ The proper name of the church continued
until the thirteenth century to be Sancta Maria in
Capitoiio. (Gregorovius, Hiftory^ Ital. trasifl. iv.
545.) Jordan fuggefts that the authority of the
Mirabilia may have led to the official recognition of
the name connedled with the legend. Topograpbie^
ii. 366.

^ Thefe fads are derived fron Suetonius {Auguf-
tusy c. 53), and repeated, as having a religious fignifi-
cance, by Orofius, Hift, Ivi. c. Z2.

The Marble Horfes. 39

2. Of the Marble Horfes^^ and of the
Woman encompajfed with Serpents.

HEAR now to what intent the
Horfes of marble, were made
bare, and the men befide them naked
and what ftory they tell, and what is
the reafon why there fitteth before the
horfes a certain woman encompaffed
with ferpents, and having a fliell before
^er.

In the time of the emperor Tiberius
there came to Rome two young men
that were philofophers, named Praxi-
teles and Phidias, whom the emperor,
obferving them to be . of fo much wif-
dom, kept nigh unto himfelf in his
palace; fand he faid to them, where-^
fore . do ye go abroad naked ? who
anfwered and faid: Becaufe all things
are naked and open to u§, and we hold

®* The legend of Phidias and Praxiteles, and that
which follows in the next chapter, of the Brazen
Horfe, are evidently ftories which had their origin
upon the fpot, out of the fancy of pilgrims, or of their
guides.

40 The Marvels of Rome.

the world of no account, therefore we
go naked and poffefs nothing ;f and they
faid: Whatfoever thou, moft mighty em-
peror, flialt devife in thy chamber by
day or night, albeit we be abfent, we
will tell it thee every word. If ye fhall
do that ye fay, faid the emperor, I will
give you what thing foever ye Ihall
defire. They anfwered and faid. We
alk no money, but only a memorial of
us. And when the next day was come,
they fliowed unto the emperor in order
whatfoever he had thought of in that
night. Therefore he made them the
memorial that he had promifed, to wit,
the naked horfes, which trample on the
earth, that is upon the mighty princes
of the world that rule over the men of
this world; and there Ihall come a full
mighty king, which . fliall mount the
horfes, that is, upon the might of the
princes of this world. Meanwhile there
be the two men half naked, which ftand
by the horfes, and with arms raifed on
high and bent fingers tell the things
that are to be; and as they be naked,

The Woman with Serpents. 41

fo is all worldly knowledge naked and
open to their minds. The woman e.n-
compaffed with ferpents, that fitteth
with a fhell before her, [fignifieth the
Church, encompaffed with many rolls of
fcriptures],^ to whom he that defireth
to go, may not, but if he be firft waflied
in that fliell, [that is to fay, except he
be baptized].®*

^ The words here added are found only in the
edition of Montfaucon. The earlier manufcripts
are imperfe£^ in this paflage, and inflead of the
claufe in brackets, have only the words pr^eduatores
qui praedicaverunt earn.

** Of the female fitting llatue, which appears
from this pafTage to have been on the Quirinal in
front of the Marble Horfes, nothing further is
known. I have fome fufpicion that its remains
may be found in the colofiTal fitting Hygieia of
the Giufliniani Palace, remarkable for the large
folds of th€ ferpent furrounding the figure. Thefe
folds, without their reflored head, might be taken
for feveral ferpents. Of the prefent figure the
knees and part of the ferpent are original, perhaps
not much elfe. See Matz, Antike Bildwerke in Rom^
u zzj J Galleria Giufliniani^ plate 8 ; Clarac, Mujet
de Sculpture, No. 890. >

42 The Marvels of Rome^

3.^ Wherefore the Horfe was made^
that is called Conflantine's.

THERE is at the Lateran a certain
brazen horfe, that is called Con-
ftantine's Horfe ;®^ but it is not fo, for

•* Some of the earlier copies have a feftion in
this place upon the officers of the imperial court,
which has been omitted, having no relation to the
fubjeft 0/ the Mirabilia. See Urlichs, Codex ^ 97,

^ There feems to be fome reafon for thinking
chat the bronze ftatue of Marcus Aurelius> which
was before the Lateran Palace as early as the tenth
century, and was known as the Horfe of Conilan-
tine, was the fame flatue which had been before
called by the fame name in the Forum, and which
appears to have been ftill there in the ninth century.
(///». Eivftedeln. Urlichs, Codex y 71.) De Roffi fug-
gefts, that in the decay ot art as evidenced by the ufe of
the Trajan fculptures in the arch of Conftantine,
a ftatue of Marcus Aurelius may have been dedicated
by the Senate to Conftantine. There is no adual
proof of identity, beyond the difappearance of the
name in one place and its appearance in the other
The ftatue at the Lateran, according toRanulf Hig-
den, was called by pilgrims Theodoric, by the people
Conftantine, and by the clergy Marcus, or Quintus
Curtius ; and he tells a ftory fimilar to that given in
the text, of a knight called Marcus. Higden, Poly
chronicon^ ed. Babington, i. 228.

The Hor/e of Conjiantine. 43

whofoever will know the truth thereof,
let him read it here.

In the time of the Confuls and Sena-
tors, a certain fall mighty king from the
parts of the Eaft came to Italy, and
befieged Rome on the fide of the Late-
ran, and with much flaughter and war
afflicted the Roman people. Then a
certain fquire of great beauty and virtue,
bold and fubtle, arofe and faid to the
Confuls and Senators: If there were one
that fliould deliver you from this tribu^
lation, what would he deferve from the
Senate? and they anfwered and faid:
What thing foever he fliall aft, he (hall
prefently obtain it. Give me, faid he,
thirty thoufand fefterces, and ye Ihall
make me a memorial of the victory,
when the fight is done, and a horfe in
gilded brafs of the beft. And they
promifed1:o do all that he afted. Then
faid he, Arife at midnight and arm you
all, and ftand at watch within the walls,
and whatfoever I (hall fay to you, that
(hall ye do. And they forthwith did
that he bade them. Then he mounted

44 The Marvels of Rome,

an horfe without a faddle, and took a
fickle. For he had feen of many nights
the king come to the foot of a certain
tree for his bodily need, at whofe coming
an owlet, that fat in the tree, always
hooted. The fquire therefore went forth
of the city and made forage, which he
carried before him tied up in a trufs,
after the fafhion of a groom. And as
foon as he heard the hooting of the
owlet, he drew near, and perceived that
the king was come to the tree. He
went therefore ftraightway towards him.
The lords that were with the king,
thought he was one of their own people,
and began to cry, that he fliould take
himfelf out of the way from before the
king. But he, not leaving his purpofe
for their fhouting, whiles he feigned to
go from the place, bore down upon the
king; and fuch was his hardihood that
in defpite of them all he feized the
king by force, and carried him away.
Anon, when he was come to the walls of
the city, he began to cry. Go forth and
flay all the king's army, for lo ! I have

The Mf quire and the King. 45

taken him captive. And they, going
forth, flew fome and put the others to
flight; and the Romans had from that
field an untold weight of gold and filven
So they returned glorious to the city;
and all that they had promifed to the
aforefaid efquire they paid and perr
formed, to wit, thirty thoufand fefterces,
and an horfe of gilded brafs without a
faddle for a memorial of him, with the
man himfelf riding thereon, having his
right hand ftretched forth, that he took
the king withal, and on the horie's head
a memorial of the owlet, upon whofe
hooting he had won the victory. The
king, which was of little ftature, with
his hands bound behind him, as he had
been taken, was alfo figured, by way of
remembrance, under the hoof of the
horfe.^

^ Montfaucon concluded from this paflagc that
there was formerly the- figure of a captive under the
ftatuc {Diarium Italicum^ S^O- This conjefture
appears to find fome confirmation in another
legendary explanation of the work, according to
which it reprefented Conftantine trampling under

46 The Marvels of Rome.

4. Of the making of the Pantheon^
and of its Confecration.^

IN the times of the Confuls and
Senators, the prefect Agrippa, with
four legions of foldiers, fubjugated to
the Roman fenate the Suevians, Saxons,
and other weftem nations. Upon whofe
return the bell of the image of the
kingdom of the Perfians, that was in
the Capitol, rang. For in the temple

his horfe's feet a dwarf, whom his wife had received
as a lover. Enenkel, Weitbuchy cited by Graf, Roma
nel Medio Evo, ii. iio^ The bird is reprefented by
a tuft of hair between the horfe's ears.

*® This feftion contains two legends, not necef-
fi^rily connefted. The legend of the bells, known
as Salvatio Romae^ is at leaft as old as the eighth
century, being narrated in Greek by Cofmas of
Jerufalem {Comment, ad S, Gregor, Nazianzen^ Mai.
Spiceleg, Rom, ii. 221 5 Urlichs, Codex^ 179), and in
Latin in a book Defeptem mundi miraculis^ attributed
to Bede, and fc^nd in a manufcript of that century.
{Bed^s Works^ ed. Giles, iv. 10; Graf, Roma nel
Medio Evo, i. 112, 189; fee alfo Jordan, Topo-
grapbie^ ii. 366.) The other legend, of Agrippa and
Cybele, does not fecm to be found in any earlier
work.

The Dream of Agrippa. 47

of Jupiter and Moneta in the Capitol
was an image of every kingdom of the
world, with a bell about his neck, and aS
foon as the bell founded, they knew that
the country was rebellious. The prieft
therefore that was on watch in his week,
hearing the found of the bell, fhewed
the fame to the Senators; |and the
Senators did lay the ordering of this
war upon the prefedt Agrippa. He de-
nying that he was of ability to undergo
fo great a charge, was at length con-
ftrained, and alked leave to take counfel
for three days. During which term,
upon one night, out of too much think-
ing he fell afleep, and there appeared to
him a woman, who faid unto him: What
doeft thou, Agrippa? forfooth, thou art
in great thought; and he anfwered unto
her: Madam, I am. She faid, Comfort
thee, and promife me, if thou flialt win
the victory, to make me a temple fucb
as I Ihow unto thee. And he faid, I
will make it. And flie fliowed him in
the vifion a temple made after that
fafhion. And he faid: Madam, who art

48 The Marvels of Rome.

thou ? And flie faid, I am Cybele, the
mother of the gods: bear libations to
Neptune, which is a mighty god, that
he help thee; and make this temple to
be dedicated to my worfliip and Nep-
tune's, becaufe we will be with thee,
and thou (halt prevail. Agrippa then
arofe with gladnefs, and rehearfed in the
Senate all thefe fayings; and he went,
with a great array of (hips and with five
legions, and overcame the Perfians,
and put them under a yearly tribute to
the Roman Senate. And when he re-
turned to Rome, he built this temple,
and made it to be dedicated to the
honour of Cybele, mother of the gods,
and of Neptune, god of. the fea, and
of all the go.ds, and he gave to this
temple the name of Pantheon. And in
honour of the fame Cybele he made a
gilded image, which he fet upon the top
of the temple above the opening, and
covered it with a magnifical roof of
gilded brafs.

After many ages pope Boniface, in
the time,Qf Phocas, a Chriftian emperor,

The Con/ecratton of the Pantheon, ^^

feeing that fo marvellous temple, dedi-
cated in honour of Cybele, mother of the
gods, before the which Chriftian men
were ofttimes ftricken of devils, prayed
the emperor to grant him this temple,
that as in the Calends of November it
was dedicated to Cybele, mother of the
gods, fo in the Calends of November he
might confecrate it to the bleffed Mary,
ever-virgin, that is the mother of all
faints. This Csefar granted unto him;
and the pope, with the whole Roman
people, in the day of the Calends of
November did dedicate it ; and ordained
that upon that day the Roman pontiflf
fliould fing mafs there, and the people
take the body and blood of our Lord as
on Chriftmas day;^^® and that on the
fame day all faints with their mother,
Mary ever- virgin, and the heavenly
fpirits fliould have feftival, and the dead

100 Tiie pradice of adminiflering the facrament
under both kinds to the laity continued in Rome as
well as in England in the twelfth century. Mabil-
lon, Mufeum JtalUum^ torn. ii. Comment, in Ord, Rom,
p. Ixi.

$0 The Marvels of Rome.

have, throu^out the churches of the
whole world, a lacrifice for ranfom of
their fouls.^

5. An Homily of the Pajfions of the
Holy Ahdon and Sennen^ Sixtus
and Laurence.^

WHAT man that will preach the
paffion of the Saints Abdon and
Sennen, or of Saint Sixtus, Laurence,
and the reft, on tlie one hand, as the
Leffon hath told it,' regarding for what

^ The Pantheon was confecrated by Pope Boni-
face IV. probably in the year 6ro {Lib^ Pontiff;
Nibly, Roma Mod. i. 407)* The day kept as the
dedication day is the 15th of May; but tlie fe^yal
of the I8t of Novenaber (All Saints' Day) is believed
to have been fir ft celebrated in Rome as the Feaft
of the BlefTed Mother of God and of all Martyrs,
and by Gregory IV. made a general feftiral for th,e
whole Church* Ufuardus, Martyrd. in Acta Sane-
toruniy vol. 26; Baronius, MartyroL Rom, i Nov.

* This chapter contains an half-hiftorical, half-
legendary narrative, which might ferve, as the
author tells us, a? part of a fermon on the pa^n,
either of Saints Abdon and Sennen, of Saint Sixtus,
or of Saint Laurence*

3 Sicut dixit lectio. The lives of the Martyrs

Sainfs Abdon and Sennen. 5 j

caufe the emperor did them to deatb,
may begin thus: A tempeft having
arifen imder Decks, many Chriftians
were flain, while Galba had rule in the
city of Rome ;^ or on the other, as out
of the Roman ftory, may thus begin and
preach: There was a certain emperor,
Gordian by name, whofe ftandard-bearer
in his legions was Philip. This Philip
was a Chriftian,* and he flew his lord
the emperor Gordian, and took the

were cjrlled legends {Jegenda) becaufc they were
intended to be read in the fervices upon their
feftivals.

* The old a£ia of Abdon and Sennen begin their
ftory at this point. Petrus de Natalibns, Vita SmU-
crumy f. 131; Mombritius, J£fa SanSorum, f. 6.

^ The belief that the Emperor Philip, who had
the glory of celebrating the Secular Games on the
thoufandth ansiverfary of Rome,. was a Chriftian,
arofe partly during his own life. See Gibbon, c- i6*
In later times this emperor and his fon, having
both been put to death by " the pagan Decius,*
were regarded as martyrs for the faith ; and Petms
de Natalibtts devotes a chapter to the J3a S^enMnrum
Pbiiippi et Pbilippi imperatorum et martyrum {Vitse
BanBorum. f. 219 b). Moft of the fads narrated
in th'; text are repeated either in the A6ls of thefe
emperors or in thofe of Saint Laurence. lb. f. 140.

5 2 The Marvels of Rome.

empire, with his fon. For he had a fon
named Philip. Now among the fervants
of the emperor Philip was a certain
knight named Decius, an heathen man
of Pannonia, which grew in favour with
the emperor, by the good fame of his
knighthood, and with the foldiers and
Senate by his wit, prudence, and bounty;
whom the emperor with the Senate
made chief captain, with four legions,
againft a nation of the Weft that was
rebellious; and he went and made war
upon them and overcame them in many
battles. Upon his return, his foldiers
in their rejoicing praifed him, and faid,
Oh, if he were our emperor, all things
would be well with us. And, being
enticed by the foldiers' words, he con-
fpired with them that he Ihould have
the empire, ' and fliould give them
duchies and marches and counties, and
honours at court, and the treafure of
Philip. Now when Decius was come to
the parts of Liguria, the emperor Philip
had betaken him to Verona, and, hearing
of his return, received him gracioufly^

Philips firji Chrijlian Emperor. 53

But after that day was paffed, the
foldiers of Decius fecretly took up arms
as they had agreed with their emperor
that was to be; and Decius at midday
went to the emperor's court with a
fword hidden about him, and entering
into his tent, he call forth the cham-
berlain, and drawing his fword fmote
Philip between the nofe and the lip as
he flept in his bed, and fo did* him to
death. And anon he- went forth and
founded a fignal, whereupon all his
foldiers ran to meet him around the
tent, as they had afore devifed. Mean-
while Philip's foldiers, hearing that their
lord was flain of Decius, took to flight;
but being called back in their terror by
Decius, who bade them not fly, but
become his friends, they at the laft did
return to him, but rather from fear than
from love.

Now when the younger Philip, that
was at Rome, heard that Philip his
father was done to death by Decius the
pagan, he was afraid, and fled to the
blefled Sixtus, pope of the Romans,

54 'I'he Marveh of Rome.

faying, My lord Father, my father is
dead, whom the impious Decius hath
done to death; I befeech thee take my
father's treafure and kfeep it hidden,
and if I efcape that Decius flay me
not, thou flialt render it to me again,
but if not, thou flialt have it for the
Church, Decius then came to Rome,
and obtained the empire more by his
valour than from any love that was
borne him; and he began to feek Philip
the younger, that was hidden away. At
the laft, by great promifes and gifts, he
found him, and flew him. Then he
made fearch after the treafure of Philip,
and fome men faid that Sixtus, the pope
of the Chriftians, had it, others faid it
was at Philippopolis in Grecia, And
at this very feafon there came an em-
baffag^ from the ruler of Persia, faying
that they of that land were rebellious;
and the bell of the image rang.* Decius
therefore having ordained Galba to be
his vicar at Rome, carried with him his

® See p. 47.

Decius the. Pagan. 55

fon Decius and fought againft the Per-
fians and overcame them all, and took
Abdon and Sennen, as it is declared in
the Lesson, whom he knew to be of
right noble race, and brought them
away chained in golden fetters;' and
as he returned, he laid fiege to Philip-
popolis. In the mean time a meffage
came from Rome, and brought him
tidings that Galba was dead. So he left
Decius, his fon, there with a part of his
hoft, and led the refidue to Rome, to-
gether with Abdon and Sennen. Now,
when he was come to Rome, he aiked
diligently after the trtiafures of Philip, the
which he had not yet been able cer-
tainly to find. And he flew those holy
martyrs, the right noble Abdon and
Sennen in the Amphitheatre.® And it

7 Pergtt Romam [Decius] fecum adducens heatijjtmos
fubreguhs Abdon et Sennen catenis vinSfos . . eoque
no biles effent ai Jfe^aculum Romanorum, ABa SS,
Addon et Sennen^ Mombritius, f. 6 b.

* According to the legend, Abdon and Sennen
were taken to the Amphitheatre, before the image
of the Sun, and commanded to facrifice to the idol.
(See chapter 7.) They refufed and fpat on the

56 The Marvels of Rome.

was fliewed unto him, that Sixtus,
bifhop of the Christians, had the trea-
fure of Philip; fo he took him and
afflicted him with many torments. And
becaufe he could not be certified by
him touching the treafures, Valerian
commanded that he fliould undergo the
fentence of death. And, even as he
was led to be beheaded, the bleffed
Laurence cried out and faid: Holy
Father, leave me not behind, for behold,
I have expended thy treafures that thou
didft put into my hands. Then the
foldiers, hearing of the treafures, laid
hands on the bleffed Laurence before
the Seven Floors in the New Way, and
took him and delivered him to Par-
thenius the tribune: and the residue
that foUoweth.*

image ; and were afterwards put to death by
gladiators in the Amphitheatre. P. de Natalibus,
f. 131 ; Mombritius, f. 6 b.

• ARa S. Laurentii. P. de Natalibus, f. 139b;
Mombritius, ii. f. 50. Nothing is faid in the aSa
about the locality of the taking of St. Laurence.

O&avtan and Antony. 57

6. Wherefore 06lavian was called An-
guJluSy and wherefore was dedicated
the church of Saint Peter at the
Chains}^""

WHEN Julius Caefar was done to
death of the Senate, his nephew
0<5lavian affumed the empire; againft
whom arofe Antony, his brother-in-law,
whofe fceptre had remained after Caefar's
death,* and ftrove, with much ado, to
take from him the empire. Antony,
therefore, putting away 06lavian's fis-
ter, took to wife Cleopatra, queen of
Egypt, mighty in gold and filver and
precious ftones and people. When,
therefore, Antony and Cleopatra, with

11® The church of St. Peter ad vincula was
founded by Eudoxia, the wife of the Emperor
Valentinian III., who is confounded in the legend
with Eudoxia, the wife of Arcadius. The feaft-day
of the dedication of this church, the ill of Auguft,
was anciently obferved as a feftival in memory of
the death of Antony. i Aug, Feriae ob necem
Antonii, Fafti in Corpus Infer. Lnt, i. }^']t.
1 Cuius bajulus . . remanferat.

58 The Marvels of Rome.

a great array of Ihips and people, began
to come againft Rome, the news was
brought to the city, and Odlavian, with
a mighty array, went and fought againft
them in Epirus. Thus a battle began;
and the queen's fliip, which was all
gilded, began to give way. Antony,
feeing the queen's fliip give way, with-
drew him too, and followed her to
Alexandria, where he fell on his fteel
and died. After this Queen Cleopatra
faw that flie was referved for a triumph;
fo Ihe decked her with gold and precious
ftones, and would have bewitched Oc-
tavian with her beauty, but Ihe could
not. Finding herfelf fcomed, Ihe went,
decked as Ihe was, into her hufband's
tomb, and put to her breafts two afps,
which is a manner of ferpent; and they
fo fweetly fucked that Ihe fell afleep
and died. Odlavian took away vaft
fums of money from that vi<5lory, and
triumphed over Alexandria and Egypt
and all the country of the East, and fo
vi<5lorious came back to Rome. The
Senate, therefore, and all the Roman

Fejlival of Auguftus. 5^

people received him with great triumph,
and becaufe the vidlory was in the Ca-
lends of the month Sextilts^ they gave
him the name of Auguftus by reafon of
the augment or increafe of the com-
monwealth, and decreed that every year
in the Galends of Auguft (for fo they
alfo called the month) the whole com-
monalty fliould have a feftival of glad-
nefs for that aforefaid vi<5tory, to the
honour of Odlavianus Caesar Auguftus,
and the whole city fliould rejoice and
be glad in fo great a feftival.

This rite endured to the time of
Arcadius, the hufband of Eudoxia, who,
after his death, was left with her fon
Theodofius of tender age, and did manly
rule the empire, as though her hulband
Arcadius had been yet alive. Moved
by the fpirit of God, and for the welfare
of the commonwealth, flie went to
Jerufalem, and vifited the venerable
Sepulchre and other holy places. And
whiles flie was bufy with the affairs of
the commonwealth, the provincial folk
brought unto her huge gifts, among the

6o The Marvels of Rome.

which a certain Jew brought her the
chains of the bleffed apoftle Peter,
wherewith he was bound of Herod in
prifon under four quaternions. The
fight of thefe chains gave the queen
more joy than all her other gifts; and
fhe bethought her, that they could not
elfewhere be put in fo condign a place
as where the bleffed Peter's body refteth
in duft. Coming, therefore, to Rome
in the Calends of Auguft, flie faw that
ancient rite of heathendom yet full
folemnly obferved of the Roman people
in the Calends of Sextilis^ the which
none , of the pontiffs had been able to
fet afide. She therefore made fuit to
pope Pelagius and the Senators and the
people, that the favour which fhe fhould
aflc might be granted to her; and they
readily promifed to allow it. The
Queen therefore faid: I do perceive,
that ye give much thought to the Sextile
holiday in reverence of the dead em-
peror Odlavian for the vi<5lory which
he won over the Egyptians; I pray
you give me up the worfliip of the dead

Saint Peter at the Chains. 6i

emperor 0<5tavian for the worfliip of
the heavenly Emperor, and his apoftle
Peter, whofe chains, lo ! I have brought
from Jerufalem, and like as he delivered
us from Egyptian bondage, fo may that
heavenly. Emperor from the bondage of
demons. And I am minded to make a
church to God's honour and Saint
Peter's, and to fet there thefe chains;
which church the Pope, our lord Apof-
tolic, (hall dedicate in the Calends of
Auguft, and it fliall be called Saint
Peter at the Chains, and there our lord
Apoftolic fhall yearly, in the fame
church, fing folemn mafs; and as Saint
Peter was loofed by the angel, fo
may the Roman people depart with a
blefling, freed from their fins. This
propofal was heard by the people and
received with little favour, but was at
length accorded unto the prayer of
the Pope and Queen. She therefore
built the church, which my lord Pope
dedicated in the Calends of Auguft,
like as the moft Chriftian Emprefs had
devifed; and there fhe fet the afore-

6t The Marvels of Rome.

mentioned chains of the bleffed Peter,
arid the Neroriian chains of the bleffed
Paul; that in this day of the Calends of
Sextilis the Roman people may flock
thither, and do reverence to the chains
of the apostles Peter and Paul.

. 7. Of the Colojfeunty and of Saint
Silvefler?

r" I ^HE Coloffeum was the temple
*" JL of the Sun, of marvellous great-
nefs and beauty, difpofed with many di-

*^ This chapter is found in manufcripts of the
fourteenth century. Ranulph Hlgden gives the
following marvellous account of the ColofTus, or
image of the Sun, which he fuppofes to have
been brought from Rhodes. "This brazen ftatue,
gilded with imperial gold^ continually fhed rays
through the darknefs, and turned round in even
movement with the fun, carrying his face always
oppofite to the folar body; and all the Romans,
when they came near, worfhipped in token of
fubjeftion. The which Saint Gregory deftroyed
by fire, ,as he might not do fo by ftrength ; and
only the head and the right hand holding a
fphere outlawed the fire, and they are now upon
two marble pillars before the palace of my lord

The Coloffeum. 63

verfe vaulted chambers, and all covered
with an heaven of gilded brafs,' where
thunders and lightnings and glittering
fires were made, and where rain was
Ihed through flender tubes. Befides
this there were the Signs fuperceleftial
and the planets Sol and Luna^ that were
drawn along in their proper chariots.
And in the midfl abode Phoebus, that it
the god of the Sun, which having his
feet on the earth reached unto heaven
with his head, and did hold in his hand

Pope. And it is marvel, how the founder's craft
hath fo informed the ftubborn brtfs, that the hair
feemeth foft to the iight and the mouth as though
it were fpeaking." Higden, PoiycbronUony ed. Bab-
ington, I, 2^4. A colofTal head and hand are repre-
fented as lying before the palace of the Lateran in a
plan of the thirteenth or fourteenth century publilhed
by De Roffi (Piante di Romdy tav, i ). Benjamin of
Tudela fpeaks of the Sampfon before the Lateran
as if it- were an entire flatue. See among the
Mirabiliana, further on. The bronze head for-
merly at the Lateran is believed to be' that now in
the court of the Palace of the Confervators.

^ In fome of the early plans publilhed by De
Roffi, the Coloffeum is reprefented with a dome in
accordance with this fancy.

64 The Marvels of Rome.

an orb, fignifying that Rome ruled over
the world/

But after a fpace of time the bleffed
Silvefter bade deftroy that temple, and
in like wife other palaces, to the intent
that the orators which came to Rome,
should not wander through profane
buildings, but fliall pafs with devotion
through the churches. But the head
and hands of the aforefaid idol he caufed
to be laid before his Palace of the La-
teran in remembrance thereof ; and the
fame is now falfely called by the vulgar
Samfon's Ball. And before the Colof-
feum was a temple, where ceremonies
were done to the aforefaid image.]

* The Coloffus is transferred from the outfide
to the interior of the Amphitheatre, which is itfelf
converted into a temple. In the ecclefiaflical
tradition it retained its true place (see note 108).
So in the earlier Mirabilia, the Sun-temple is before
the Coloffeum (Part iii. c. 11). This is remem-
bered at the end of the prefent chapter.

The Marvels of^ me LdUrati. 65

8. Of the Foundation of the three
great Churches of Rome by the
Emperor Conflantine^ and of his
Parting from Pope Silvefier.^

t T N the days of Pope Silvefter, Con-
X ftantine Auguftus made the La-
teran Bafilica, the which he comely
adorned. And he put there the Ark of
the Covenant,® that Titus had carried
away from Jerufalem with many thou-
fands of Jews; and the golden candle-
ftick having feven lamps with veffels for
oil. In the which ark be thefe things,
to wit, the golden emerods, the mice of
gold, the Tables of the Covenant, the
rod of Aaron, manna, the barley loaves,
the golden urn, the coat without feam,
the reed and garment of Saint John

* This chapter is from a manufcript of the
thirteenth century. Cod. Vat, 656. Parthey, Mira-
hiliay 31.

* Archam Uftamenti. Hebrews, ix. 4; Exod.

XXV. 22.

66 The Marvels of Rome.

Baptift, and the tongs that Saint John
the Evangelift was fhom withal.'^ More-
over he did put in the fame bafilica a
civory * with pillars of porphyry. And
he fet there four pillars of gilded brafs,
which the Confuls of old had brought
into the Capitol from the Mars' Field,
and fet in the temple of Jupiter.^

^ Domitianus iujjtt . . crines capitis eius tonderi^
ut inhonorabilis ab omnibus videretur, {J^a S. loban-
nis, Mombritius, f. 29.) Baronius has a note on
the different for cipes ufed in the torments of martyrs.
MartyrologiuM^ luni 26.) As to the relics of the
Lateran church, compare Toh. Diaconus, in Mabil-
lon, Mus, ItaL ii. 564; Panvinio, Sette Chiefe^ 158;
Crefcembeni, Iftoria delta Chiefa di S. Giovanni
avanti Porta Latina, pp. 13 4- 14.9; Urlichs, Codex ^
117; and the ancient table, preferved in the
, cloiftcr by the Sacrifty, of which a copy will be
found in the Mirabiliana.

* Ciboriumy a canopy of ftone or marble over an
altar. Hence the word, civery, civer, ox fever ey was
ufed by Englifh architefts for the compartment of
a vault. Ducange, s. v. Ciborium ; Parker, Gloffary
of Archite£turey s. v. Severy.

^ The bronze columns are believed to be thofe
which now are at the altar of the Sacrament.
In the table mentioned in note 117, they are faid
to have been brought from Jerufalem by Titus.
Urlichs cites the following extrad from Vatican

The Bajilica of St. Peter, 67

He made alfo, in the time of the faid
pope and after his prayer, a bafilica for
the Apoftle Peter before Apollo's temple
in the Vatican.^^^ Whereof the faid
emperor did himfelf firft dig the founda-
tion, and in reverence of the twelve
Apoftles did carry thereout twelve baf-
kets full of earth. The faid Apoftle's
body is thus bellowed. He made a
cheft clofed on all fides with brafs and
copper,^ the which may not be moved,
five feet of length at the head, five at
the foot, on the right fide five feet, and
on the left fide five feet, five feet above,
and five feet below; and fo he inclofed
the body of the bleffed Peter, and the
altar above in the fafhion of an arch he

Manufcript 1984, ad bift, mijc, f. 54, in margine
Auguftus, conqueror of all Egypt, took from the
fea-fight many roftra^ or (hips-beaks, therewith he
made four molten pillars, that were afteVward fet
by Domitian in the Capitol ; and which we fee to
this day, as they were at a later time well ordered
by the emperor Conftantine the Great in the
Bafilica of Saint Saviour. Urlichs, Codex, 117.
12® See p. 70, note iz6.
1 Loculum ex omni parte ex ere et cupro conclufit.

68 The Marvels of Rome.

did adorn with bright gold.* And he
made a civory with pillars of porphyry
and pureft gold. And he fet there
before the altar twelve pillars of glafs ^
that he had brought out of Grecia, and
which were of Apollo's temple at Troy.
Moreover he did fet above the bleffed
Apoftle Peter's body a crofs of pure
gold, having an hundred and fifty pounds
of weight; whereon was written: Con-
Jiantinus Augufius et Helena Augufta.

He made also a bafilica for the bleffed
apoftle Paul in the Oftian Way, and did
beftow his body in brafs and copper,
in like fafhion as the body of the bleffed
Peter.

^ The same emperor, after he was be-
come a Chriftian, and had made thefe
churches, did alfo give to the bleffed
Silvefter a Phrygium^ and white horfes,

* Ornavit superias altare ex fuho auro archam
(read arcuatim).

* Columpnas vitrineas.

* Frigium, This word (or regnum) appears to
be the proper term for what is now commonly
called the Tiara. See Ducange, s. v. Phrygium,

Conjianttne and Silvejler. 69
«

and all the imperialia that pertained
to the dignity of the- Roman empire;
and he went away to Byzantium; with
whom the pope, decked in the same,
did go fo far forth as the Roman Arch,
where they embraced and kiffed the
one the other, and fo departed.f*

^ See p. 3z.

70 The Marvels of Rome.

Part III.

The Third Part containeth a Peram-
bulation of the City.

I. Of the Vatican^ and the Needle.

WITHIN the Palace of Nero* is
the temple of Apollo, that is
called Saint Pamel;' before which is the
bafilica that is called Vatican, adorned
with marvellous mofaic and ceiled with
gold and glafs. It is therefore called
Vatican becaufe in that place the Vates^

^ The remains of the Circus of Caligula at the
Vatican were called the palace of Nero ; and near
this, according to ecclcfiaflical tradition, was a
temple of Apollo. Sepultus eft (S. Petrus) via
Aurelia in templo Apollinis iuxta locum ubi crucifixus
//?, iuxta palatium Neronianum in Vatic ano^ iuxta ter-
ritorium Triumpbale, in Calendas Julias, Anaftafius,
Lib. Pontif.

^ Quod dicitur SanBa Petronilla. The church
of St. Parnel, or Petronilla, was a round building
where is now the apfe on the fouth fide of St.
Peter's. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 384.

The Memorial of Coejar. Ji

that is to fay, the priefts, fang their
offices before Apollo's temple, and
therefore all that part of St. Peter's
church is called Vatican. There is alfo
another temple, that was Nero's Ward-
robe,® which is now called Saint An-
drew; nigh whereunto is the memorial
of Caefar, that is the Needle,® where his
afhes nobly reft in his sarcophagus^ to

® Quod fuit veftiarium Neronis, The church of
St. Andrew in Vaticano became the Sacrifty of St.
Peter's. Hence perhaps the idea of Veftiarium.
Bunfen, Bejchreibung^ II. i. 39.

^ Memoria Caefaris^ id eft Agulia. The obelifk
was popularly called St. Peter's Needle, acus^ or
agulia, S, Petri, A carelefs reading of the dedi-
catory infcription to Auguftus and Tiberius (the
Latin letters referred to in the text),

DIVO . CAESARl . DIVI . IVLII . F . AVGVSTO
TI . CAESARI . DIVI . AVGVSTI . F . AVGVSTO
SACRVM

may have led to its being taken for a memorial of
Caefar. The word Agulia, or Guglia, was alfo
suggeftive of Julia^ or columna Julia. Compare
Suetonius, luliusy 85, upon which the following
narrative of the twelfth century was founded. Co'
lumpnam ei folidam lapidis Numidici XX prope pedum in
foro ftatuerunty fuper quam tumulatus^ quae et lulia diSfa
eft. Chrm. S. Panteleonis^ apud Eccard, Corpus Hift.
ii 695; Urlichs, CodeXy 181.

72 The Marvels of Rome.

the intent that as in his lifetime the
whole world lay fubdued before him,
even fo in his death the fame may lie
beneath him for ever* The memorial
was adorned in the lower pau-t with
tables of gilded brafs, and fairly limned
with Latin letters;*^ and above at the
ball, where he refts, it is decked with
gold and precious ftones^ and there is it
written:

Csefar who once wail great as is the world,
Now in how iinall a cavern art thou clofed.^

iJ^ Et litleris lattnis decenter depiaa. Before the
prefent bronze ornaments of eagles and feftoons
were added in 17*3, the holes, to which ancient
decorations had been attached, were vifible. (Fon-
tana, Obelifco, p 8.) The bronze lions, which
appear to fuftain the obeliflc, are of the time of its
removal under Sixtus V. But it was conftantly
ftated before its removal that it refted on four
bronze lions (Higden, Polycbron, ed. Babington, i.
226; Petrarch, Lit.FamiL vi. 2); and Higden tells
us that it was a faying among the pilgrims, that he
was clean of deadly fin that could creep under that
ftone. Bunfcn denies that the ancient fupports were
really lions. Befchreihung, ii. 157.

1 Caefar^ iantus eras quamus et or his:
Sed nunc in modico dauderis antrv.
Thefe verfes are the commencement of an epitaph

• Saint Peter's Parvi/e. 73

And this memorial was confecrated after
their fafhion, as ftill appeareth, and may
be read thereon. [And below in Greek
letters thefe verfes be written:

If one, tell how this ftone was fet on high ;
If many ftones, (how where their joints do lie.] ^

2. Of the Bajin^ and the Golden Pine-
cone^ in Saint Peter's Parvife.

IN Saint Peter's Parvife is a Bafin,'
that was made by Pope Symmachus,*

or poem referred by William of Malmelbury to the
emperor Henry III. (d. 1056). De Gestis regum
Anglorum^ 1. ii. c. 12; Jordan, Topograpbie, ii. 373;
Graf, i. 296.

* Si lapis eft unus^ die qua fit arte levatus;

Etfifint plures^ die ubi contigui.
This epigram is added in a manufcript of the
fourteenth century. The Latin lines may have
been written in Greek letters to excite curiofity.

* In Paradifi JanBi Petri eft cantarum. The
Paradife, or Parvife, of St. Peter was the Atrium in
front of the Bafilica.

^ So Anaflafius in the life of Symmachus :
Cantbarum beati Petri cum quadriporticu marmoribus
vrnavit, et ex mufivo fecit agnos et cruces et paimas,
Ipfum vero atrium marmoribus compaginavit : gradus
vero ante fores bafilicae b. Petri ampliavit. Lib. Pont,

74 The Marvels of Rome,

and dight with pillars of porphyry, that
are joined together by marble tables
with griflfons, and covered with Ja coftly
iky of brafs,* with flbwers, and dolphins
of brafs gilt, ; pouring forth water. In
the midft of the bafin is a brazen Pine-
cone, the which, with a roof ^ of gilded
brafs, was the covering over the ftatue
of Cybele, mother of the gods, in the
opening of the Pantheon/ Into this
i^ine-cone water out of the Sabbatine
Aquedudl was fupplied under ground by
a pipe of lead; the which being always
full, gave water through holes in the
nuts to all that wanted it;* and by the
pipe under ground some part thereaf
flowed to the ismperor's bath near the
Needle.

* Pretiofo celo aereo cooper toe.

® Cumjmino \Jimo Mx>Tih,ViCf>n\,

^ See puge 48 ; and note 1 53.

® The Pine-cone is now in the Gtardino delk
Pigna at the Vatican. The fupply of wAter through
the nuts is fpoken of as a thing of the pall; the
Pigna does not, as far as I can fcc,vgive evidence of
having been fo nfed. But fee Lanciani, j(///i delP
Accad. dei UnceiyX.^i'^.

The Sepulchre of Romulus. 75

3. Of the Sepulchre of Romulus^ and
the Terebinth of Nero.

IN the Naumachia^ \% the fepulchre
of Romulus, that is called Meta^ or
the Goal;'^^ which aforetime was incafed

* The name Nauma^hia in this diftr^dl firft.
appears in the life of Leo. III. r796-8j6)> who
founded a hofpital in Iqjco qui Nautnachia. duitur.
{Lib. Potaif.) The hofpital waS: dcdifsated to S.
Peregrinus, and its fite. is marked by the little
church of S, Fcllegxiao near Uic Portji, Angeliqa.
But the. name extended pv^r. a wide af ea# A re^o,
Naumachiit. appears in the zQi& of Sf. SebaAian^
32)4. the Leonine city was popularly faid to be in
Jlmachia (JiXion. Magliab. Urlichs^ Codex, 14.9, 1.6 1).
Poflibly the fii^ where the name firjl appears by
S. Pellegiunp, may indicate the pofirion, of one of
the naval amphitheatres of imperifil times.

^*® The pyramid, which m the fifth or ^ixjth
qentury was believed to be the fepulchre of Sqipio
Africanus (Aero, Sfhol. ad Hor. Epod. i3^._^2.5), and in
the twelfth wa^ called Meta or S^pulcruf^ Romuli^
was deftroyed by Pope ^l^xander VL. according to
a note inferted upon the great I^ntuafi pla;^^ p.^br
IWhed by De Roflr {^Piantey tay, vi-xii). It ftood, ojf
part of the prefent fite of the church, and moiiaftej;y
of S. Maria, Tranfpontinsjf, the old church having
been nearer, to the maufQleum of Hadrian. Its
pofition is well afcertained by the medieval plans

76 The Marvels of Rome.

with marvellous ftone, wherewith was
made the pavement of the Parvife and
the fteps of Saint Peter. It had about it
an open court of twenty feet, paved
with the ftone that cometh from Tibur,
with its drain and border of flowers.'
About it was the Terebinth of Nero,* of

of Rome, and by the plan of Bufalini. Some
remains of ancient epus quadratum of tufo, ufed in
the repair of the wall of the corridor leading from
the Vatican Palace to the Caftle, clofe fo the Via
della Porta del Caftello, and which may be feen in
the ftonemafon's yard there, are probably the refult
of the demolition of the pyramid ; the outer cafing
of marble or travertine had been before removed,
as appears from the text. The corridor, which
feems to have been formed upon the ancient wall
by Innocent VII. and repaired by Alexander VI. is
called in Bufalini's plan amhulatorium Alexandri fextu
His arms, with the date 1492, are over the en-
trance to the quarters of the Swifs Guard.

^ Habuit circa fe plateam Tibur tinam viginti pedum
cum cloaca et fiorali 'fuo. The pyramid in its dif-
mantled ftate was called by the lefs learned pilgrims
St. Peter's corn-heap {acervus fegatis S. Petri), which
was faid to have turned into a hill of ftone when
Nero took pofleffion of it. Higden, Polycbron. ed.
Babington, i. 230.

2 Circa fe habuit terbentinum [al. terebinta'] Neronis
The Terebinth (^ repifiiydos) near the Naumachia is
mentioned in fome Greek Afts of SS. Peter and Paul.

Nero's Terebinth. 77

no lefs height than the Caftle of Hadrian,
[that is called the Angel's Castle],' in-
cafed with marvellous ftone, from which
the work of the fteps and the Paradife
was finifhed. This building was round
like a caftle with two circles, whereof
the lips were covered with tables of
ftone for dripping. Nigh thereunto was
Saint Peter the Apoftle crucified/

{J^aJpocbr, ed. Tifchendorf, p. 37, cited by Jordan,
Topographie^ vol. ii. p. xvii.) ; and in an Order for
the emperor's coronation, probably of the eleventh
century, he is defcribed as taking the oath to obferve
the rights of the Roman people at S. Maria Tranf-
pontina which is near the Terebinth. (Grcgorovius,
Hift. Ital. tranfl. iv. 70.) It is perhaps the fame monu-
ment which in the of do of Benedi6lus Canonicus is
called obeli feus Neronis, (Sec Ordo Romanus^ Extrafts
I and 4; and fee note 144). Ic appears to have
been deftroyed in the twelfth century, as the Mira-
bilia records only an exaggerated tradition of its
magnificence. The origin of its medieval name is
obfcure. The word denotes a turpentine-tree, and
among the local objefts in the bas-relief of St. Peter's
Crucifixion, on the bronze door of St. Peter's, a
tall tree between the maufoleum and the Pyramid
appears to fymbolize the Terebinth.

' This addition is from a manufcript of the
fourteenth century. See note 145.

* This feems to agree with the ecclefiaftical

78 The Marvels of Rome.

4. Of the Cizfile of Crefcentius.^

MOREOVER, there is a caftle, that
was the temple of Hadrian, as
we read in the Sermon of the feftival of
Saint Peit^r, where it faith: The me-
morial of the emperor Hadrian, a temple
built up, of m.an^ellous greatnefs and
beauty;* the which was all covered with
ftones and adorned with divers hiftories,
and fenced with brazen railings round

tradition. See note ia6. ASa SS\ Petri et Baulu
Super venit autempepulus infinitus ad locum qui apfellatur
Naumacbia iuxta obelifeum Neronis. litic enim. crux
pofita eft. Mombritius, f. 199.9

^ The maufoleum oi Hadrian, in the tenth
century popularly called d^mui Tbeodorici^ o)>tained
the name of CafUe of Crefcentius after the obilinate
defence of it by Crefc.entiua againft the emperor
Ocho IIL m 998. Before the end of tiie twelfih
century it waa called the Caftle of the Holy Angel.
Gregorovius, Hift, Ital. transl iii. 520, iv. 54}.

^ The fermon here mentioned, by aa unlmown
author, follows the fermons of Leo. the Great in
manufcripts of that work. It contains nothing
further about the monument hese named. Leonis
Magni Opera, Ven. 1753. Appendix Sermonum^ n. xvi.
f. 4+2.

The Sepulchre of Hadrian. 79

about, with golden peacocks and a bull,
of the which peacocks two were thofe
that are at the Bafin of the Parvife.' At
the four fides of the temple were four
horfes of gilded brafs, and in every face
were brazen gates. In the midft of the
circle was the porphyry fepulchre of
Hadrian, that is now at the Lateran
before the Fullery,® and is the fepulchre
of Pope Innocent; and the cover is in
Saint Peter's Parvife upon the Prefect's
tomb.® Below were gates of brafs as
they now appear, f And in the por-
phyry monument of the bleffed Helen
is buried pope Anaftatius the Fourth.f *^

^ Two bronze peacocks are now in the Garden
of the Pigna, at the Vatican.

® Ante folloniam. See the third extraft from
the Ordo Romanus in the Mirabiliana. Pope
Innocent II. (tied 24 Sept. 1143. Johannes Dia-
conug, who wrote under Alexander V. (1254-
1261)9 places his borrowed farcophagus in the nave
of the church. Mabillon, Mus» Ital, ii. 568.

® The prefeft was Cinthius, or Cencius, who

died 1079. Gregorovius, Hift. ItaL tranfl. iv. 245.

"^^ Anaftafius IV. died 3 Dec. 1 154, and was

buried in the Lateran Bafilica, in the farcophagus

of Helena, which he had brought to Rome from

8o The Marvels of Rome.

The monuments whereof we have
fpoken were dedicated for temples, and
the Roman maidens flocked to them
with vows, as Ovid faith in the book of
Fafti.

5. Of the Sepulchre of Augiiftus.

AT the Flaminean Gate Octavian
made a caftle, that is called Au-
gufium^ to be the burying-place of the
emperors; which was incafed in divers
kinds of ftone. Within there is an
hollow, leading into the circle by hidden
ways. In the lower circle are the fepul-
tures of emperors, and in each fepulture

her church on the via Labicana. (Johan. Diaconus,
Mabillon, Mu^. ItaL ii. 169.) Th^ farcophagus is
now in the Vatican Mufeum.

* The maufoleum of Auguftus feems never to
have loft the name of its great founder. The name
Auguftum is found in the eighth century, and con-
tinued to the twelfth. In the thirteenth it was
called Augufta: and in the fifteenth century it was
popularly known as Laufta, Gregorovius, Hift,
Ital. tranfl. ii. 357, iii. 663, v. 24c ; Anon. MagL
Urlichs, Codex^ 162.

The Sepulchre of Augufius. 8i

are letters faying after this fafhion :
Thefe be the bones and afhes of Nerva
emperor, and fuch and fuch was the
vidlory he won;* and before it flood the
image of his god, as in all the other
fepulchres. In the midft of the fepul-
tures is a recefs where Odlavian was
wont to fit; and the priefts were there,
doing their ceremonies. And from
every kingdom of the whole world he
commanded that there fhould be brought
one balket full of earth, the which he put
upon the temple, to be a remembrance
unto all nations coming to Rome.

* The emperor Nerva was in faft buried in the
Maufoleum of Auguflus ; and Jordan fufpeded that
the writer had fome knowledge of a bafe infcribed
with his name, which may have been at that time
dug out of the monument. The now well-known
infcriptions, OJfa Agrifpinae M, Agrippae^ OJfa C.
Caefaris Augusti f, principis inventutis, etc. derived
from the fame fource, were not known to the
earlier epigraphifts (Jordan, Topograpbie^ ii. 435).
The bafe infcribed to Agrippina is now in the court
of the Palace of the Confervators.

82 The Marvels of Rome.

6. Of divers places between the Sepul-
chre of Augufius and the Capitol.

aN the top of the Pantheon, that is
to fay of the Round Saint Mary's,
flood the golden pine-cone that is now
before the door of Saint Peter;' and the
church was all covered with tables of
gilded brafs, infomuch that from afar it
feemed as it were a mountain of gold;*
whereof the beauty is ftill difcerned in
part. And] in the top of the front of the
Pantheon flood two bulls of gilded brafs.
Before the palace of Alexander* were

* See p. 74. The ftory of the Pigna having
been upon the Pantheon probably arofe from the
name of the region (Rione della Pigna), in which
the Pantheon was the principal building.

* This is a reminifcence of the tiles of gilded
bronze, which were taken away by the Byzantine
emperor, Conflans II. in 663.

* The palace of Alexander is apparently the
Alexandrine Thermae. The imaginary temple of
Flora and Phoebus and that of Bellona illuflrate the
propenlity of the Mirabilian writer to convert all
the ancient ruins into temples. Other examples
occur in every fubfequent page.

The Temple of Pompey. 83

two temples, of Flora and Phoebus.
Behind the palace, where the Shell now
is, was the temple of Bellona. There
was it written:

Old Rome was I, now new Rome Ihall be pratfed;
I tear my head aloft, from ruin raifed.^

At the Shell of Parione was the temple
of Gnaeus Pompeius of marvellous great-
nefs and beauty; and his monument, that
is called Majorent, was fairly adorned,
and was an oracle of Apollo; and there
were other oracles in other places.''

^ Roma vetuftafuiy Jed nunc nova Roma vocabor:
Eruta ruder thus culmen ad altafero,
Thefe lines are not known elfewhere. They fecm
to belong to the era of political revival in the
middle of the twelfth century. (Gregorovius, Hift,
Ital. Tranfl. iv. 518, 550.) The Shell {concha)
where they are faid to have been written was a
Fountain or Baiin.

7 The theatre of Pompey becomes his temple
according to the fyftem referred to in note 155.
The conca Parionis was probably an antique bafin
in the region of Parione ; before the beginning of
the fourteenth century it had been removed to the
hofpital of St. James at the ColofTeum. {Anon,
MagL Urlichs, Codex^ 163). The majorent {mat-
oretum al. maiorentum) was perhaps part of the

84 The Marvels of Rome.

The church of Saint Urfus was Nero'$
Chancery.®^ In the Palace of Antoninus
was the temple of Divus Antoninus.^
By Saint Saviour,'*^ before Saint Mary in
Aquiro^ the temple of -^lius Hadrianus,
and the Arch of Pity/ In the Field
of Mars^ the temple of Mars, where
confuls were elected in the Calends of
June, and they tarried till the Calends

buildings grouped with the theatre. A church of
S. Maria in majurente occurs in the twelfth century.
Cencius, in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 195.

® Secretarium Neronis. If the church of St.
Urfus is that near the Bridge of S. Angelo (fee
p. 10), the pilgrim makes a frelh dart here.

® The Palace of Antoninus was the ruins near
the Antonine column. So in chapter 8, columna
Antonini in palatio fuo.

^^ The words iuxta SanSlum Sahatorem may
belong either to the preceding or to the following
claufe. The church is not known: S. Salvatore
della Coppelle was founded 1 195, later than the
Mirabilia. Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 398.

^ See p. 14. Lanciani places the arch of Pity
or Piety in an open place, oppofite the Porticus of
the Pantheon, Jtti dei Linceiy Ser. Ill, ix. 387.

2 In Campo Martio The Campus Martius of
the 1 2 th century was a reftrifted fpace, poffibly at the
Piazza now fo named, where fome ancient remains
are built up in a houfe on the weft lide.

Confuls of the Romans. 85

of January; and if he that was chofe,n
conful was clear of crime, his confullhip
was confirmed to him. [And by reafon
of this cuftom many be yet called Con-
fuls of the Romans.]* In this temple
did the Roman conquerors fet the beaks
of their enemies' fhips, whereof were
made works to be a fight for all nations.
Nigh unto the Pantheon was the temple
of Minerva Chalcidica, [where fome
pillars of marble are fl:ill feen].* Be-
hind Saint Mark's, the temple of Apollo.
In the Camillanum, where is Saint

^ This is a curious allufion to the ufe of the
title Conful by the chief magiftrates of Rome in the
eleventh and twelfth centuries. See Gregorovius,
Hift. Ital, tranfl. iv, 20, 430.

* This addition is from Montfaucon's text,
probably of the fourteenth century. In a map of
the fifteenth century fome ruins are Ihown adjoining
the church of S. Maria fopra Minerva to the eaft.
De Rofli, Piante, tav, iv. The fmall obelifk which
is now before the Pantheon, and was formerly,
until 171 1, in the little fquare before S. Macuto,
is not alluded to in the text. We may perhaps
conclude that it was excavated at a later time. It
is Ihown in a map of about 1475, when it had
already acquired the legendary name of Sepulchre
of Brutus. See the map at the end of this volume.

86 The Marvels of Rome.

Cyriac, was the temple of Vefta;* in the
lime-kiln,® the temple of Venus; in the
lady Rofe's monaftery, the Golden
Caftle, that was the oracle of Juno.^

7. Of the Capitol^

THE Capitol [is fo called, becaufe
it] was the head of the world,
where the confuls and fenators abode to
govern the Earth. The face thereof was

* See p. 21, note 40.

* In Calcarari, S. Nicola ai Cefarini was called
in the twelfth century S. Nicolai Calcariorum (Or do
Cencii in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 194). Lucius
Faunus calls it S. Nicola in Calcaria {Roma Ant,
f. 143). The ruins behind this church, now called
the temple of Hercules Cuftos, may be the Mira-
bilian Temple of Venus.

^ The caftellum aureum was the Circus Flami-
nius; and the monafterium dominae Rofae is now S.
Caterina ai Funari. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 87.

* The north-eaftern end of the Capitol was
occupied in the twelfth century by the Tabularium,
redored about 1 143 as the Senators' Palace, and by
the Abbey of St. Mary, to which in the beginning
of the century the whole hill, * with its ftones, walls
and columns,' had belonged. See the Bull of
Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana. The re-

The Capitol. 87

covered with high walls and ftrong,
rifing above the top of the hill, and
covered all over with glafs and gold
and marvellous carved work, f And in
the Capitol were molten images of all
the Trojan kings and of the emperors.f*
Within the fortrefs was a palace all
adorned with marvellous works in gold
and filver and brafs and coftly ftones,
to be a mirror to all nations; [the which
was faid to be worth the third part of
the world]. Moreover the temples
that were within the fortrefs, and which

maindcr of the hill appears to have become a rough
garden or pafture, ftudded with ruins, for moft of
which imaginary names were provided. Yet fuch
was the power of its old aiTociations, that the
Capitol was regarded as one of the * fevcn wonders
of the world.* During the three following cen-
turies, the ruins were doubtlefs ufed to fupply
materials for the new conftru6lions of the Palace
and Monaftery. Poggio gives a Jefcription. of the
defolate condition of the hill about 1450. Poggius,
De Varietate Fortunae^ J ; Urlichs, Codex, 235,

* This appears to be a reminifcence of the
llatues of the kings mentioned by Appian, BelL
Civ. i. 16; Dio, xliii. 45; Pliny, xxiv. 5, ii;
Suetonius, Julius^ jG,

88 The Marvels of Rome.

they can bring to remembrance,"® be
thefe. In the uppermoft part of the
fortrefs,' over the Porticus Crinorum^
was the temple of Jupiter and Moneta,
as is found in Ovid's Martyrology of
the Fajii^ f wherein was Jupiter's image
of gold, fitting on a throne of gold.f
Towards the market-place,* the temple

^^^ Q^^^ infra arcem fuerequae ad memoriam due ere
pojfunt. Urlichs prints pojfum without remark.

1 In fummitate arcis. The Porticus Crinorum,
or part of it, was between St. Nicholas in carcere
and the Capitol {Ordo Romanus^ Extraft i, in
Mirabiliana.) High above on this iide of the hill
appear to have been the remains of the fouth
corner of the Capitoline temple of Jupiter {femplum
maius quod rejpicit fuper Alapbantum, Bull of Ana-
clete II. Tranflated in Mirabiliana). Poggio
defcribes himfelf as fitting in the ruins of the
Tarpeian fortress behind what feemed the huge
threfhold of the door of a temple with broken
columns about, the fpot being one which commanded
a view of the greateft part of the city. (Poggius,
De Var. Fort. 5.) It is probably thefe ruins which
are fhown in the plan copied at the end of this
volume. The name of Moneta was no doubt
fupplied by the * Martyrology ' of Ovid. Faftt^
vi. 183.

2 In partem fori. The ancient Roman Forum
feems out of the queftion, as it had ceafed to be a

Ccefar and the Capitol, 89

of Vefta and Csefar ; there was the chair
of the pagan pontiffs, wherein the fenators
did fet Julius Csefar on the fixth day of
the month of March.' On the other
fide of the Capitol, over Cannapara^^
the temple of Juno. Faft by the public
market-place*^ the temple of Hercules.

public place, and there is no fign of its locality
being remembered. See chapter 10, note 195.
Jordan fuggefls the Piazza del Campidoglio as a
fit place for the enthronement of Caefar. {Tofo-
graphiCy ii. 462.) The Piazza di Ara Celi was a
market-place in the twelfth century. See the Bull
of Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana.

^ The fixth day of March was marked in the
ancient calendar as the day on which Caefar Au-
guftus aJfTumed the pontificate. (Foggoni, Faftiy pp.
23, 107; Corp. Infer. Lat, i. 314). The occjtfion
is mentioned by Ovid {Faftiy iii. 419),

Caefaris innumerisy quern maluit ille mereriy
Accejjit titulis pontificalis boms.
It was a natural mifiake to afTume that Julius was
meant.

* In the direction of the Bafilica Julia; See
chapter 10. •

^ It is not clear whether the forum publicum is
the fame as the forum already named. Bunfen fug-
gefts the Piazza del Campidoglio. Befcbreibungy iii.
2,128.

go The Marvels of Rome.

In the Tarpeian hill,® the temple of

Afilis^ where Julius Caefer was flain of

the Senate/ In the place where Saint

Mary's now ftandeth were two temples

together, joined with a palace, to wit,

the temples of Phoebus and of Car-

mentis, where the emperor Oftavian

faw the vifion in heaven.® Faft by the

Camellaria was the temple of Janus,

that was the warden of thq Capitol.®

And it was therefore called Golden

Capitol, becaufe it excelled in wifdom

and beauty before all the realms of the

whole world.

® It is quite uncertain, whether any fpecial part
of the Capitol was known as the Tarpeian Hill in
the Mirabilian time.

7 So Shakfpeare : '^ I did enadl Julius Caefar ;
I was killed i' the Capitol." {Hamlet, aft iii.
fcene 3.) A remote example of the influence of
Mirabilian legend,

8 See p. 35-

® The Camellaria appears to have been in the
ruins of the temple of Concord, See the Bull of
Anacletus II. among the Mirabiliana. The * temple
of Janus* may have been that of Vefpafian, or
poffibly a ruin below the church of Ara Celi,
towards the Prifon. Janus, as cuftos Capitolii^ is a
reminifcence of Ovid. Fafti, i. 259-272.

TTie Palace of Trajan. 91

8. Of the Palace of Trajan and his
Foruniy and of the Temples nigh
theteunto.

THE palace of Trajan and Hadrian
was built well nigh all of ftones/**
and adorned throughout with marvel-
lous works, and ceiled with many
diverfe colours ; where is a pillar of
marvellous highnefs and beauty, with
graven work of the ftories of thefe
emperors, in like falhion as the pillar
of Antonine in his palace ; and on the
one fide was the temple of Divus
Traianus^ and on the other, of Divus
Hadrianus}

In the Silverfmith's Hill* Was the

1*^ Ptne totum lapidibus tcnftruBum, Probably
marbles are meant.

^ Perhaps the remains of the Bafilica Ulpia,
and of the temple of Trajan.

^ In c/ivo argentarii. The temples of Concord,
Saturn, Vefpafian, and Titus art from the Notitia,
where they follow in the fame order the Bafilica
Argentaria. But Concord and Saturn are here
paired together in one temple, inftead of Vefpafian
and Titus. Some of thefe temples reappear in the
next chapter.

92 The Marvels of Rome

temple of Concord and Saturn. In
Tofula the temple of Bacchus.' In
the end of the In/ula Argentaria the
temple of Vefpafian. In the hill of
Saint Mary in campo the temple of
Titus.' Where Saint Bafil ftandeth,
was the temple of Carmentis.* Within
thefe bounds® was a Palace with two

^ A church of S. Maria in Tofella is mentioned
by Cencius (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 192). The
fite is uncertain.

* The church of S. Maria in Campo is placed
in Bufalini's plan on the ilope of the Quirinal hill,
a little fouth of S. Agata. But the church of S»
Maria in Campo Carleme exifted until a few years ago
at the weftern end on the fouth fide of the exifting Via
Campo Carleone. See Nolli's plan, dated 1748.

^ St. Baiil, an ancient monaftery built in the
ruins of the temple of Mars Ultor in the Forum
of Auguftus, is now the convent of the Nuns of the
S. Annunziata.

^ Infra hunc terminum. The monaftery of St.
Bafil was partly inclofed by the lofty wall of the
Forum of Auguftus, which was continued to the
fouth by that of the Forum of Nerva. The former
forum had loft its name, and the name of Trajan
was extended over a wider area. So Petrus
Mallius, Ecclefia S. Bajilii iuxta palatium Traiani
imperatorif. (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 161.) The

League of Romans and J-ews, 93

Forums, the Forum of Nerva with his
temple of Dtvus Nerva^ and the greater
Forum of Trajan ; before the gate
whereof was the temple of So/pita
Dea. Where Saint Quiricus is, was
the temple of Jupiter.^

In the wall of Saint Bafil was fixed a
great table of brafs, where in a good and
notable place was written the league
that was between the Romans and Jews
in the time of Judas Maccabeus.®

remains of the temple of Minerva, dedicated by
Nerva, and here called the temple of Nerva (being
identified by its infcription), were dcftroyed by
Pope Paul V.

^ The gate of the forum of Trajan may be the
Porta dei Pantani, which however appears to have
been clofed. See Ordo Romanus^ Extraft 2, in
Mirabiliana. St. Quiricus ftill exifts in the Via Tor
dei Conti.

® Maccabees, viii. 22. Jordan fuggcfts, that
the ftory of the bronze tablet, which the writer
docs not leem to have feen, may have arifen from
an infcription formerly exifting by the church of St.
Bafil. C lulius Caefar Strabo aed. cur .... iud.
pontif. Corpus Infer, Lat, i. 278 ; Jordan, Topographies
ii. 470.

94 The Marvels of Rome.

9. Of the Temple of Mars by the Prtfon
of Mamertinus^ and of other build-
tngs nigh unto Saint Sergius his
Church.

BEFORE Mamertinus his prifon
was the temple of Mars, where
is now his image.® Nigh unto him was
the Fatal Temple, that is, Saint Martina;
nigh whereunto is the temple of Refuge,
that is. Saint Hadrian. Faft by is
another Fatal Temple.^^ Nigh unto

^ The ftatue called Marforio, removed in the
fixteenth century to the Piazza del Campidoglio, and
to the Court of the Capitoline Mufeum in or about
1668. Roma Antica e Moderna, ed. 1668, p. 66 1.

1^^ The Fatal Temple was fuggefted by the
name, in Trtbus Fatis^ given to the fite of the church
of S. Martina, probably from the Sibyls* ftatues,
called the Three Fates. (Procopius, Bell. Gotb, i.
25 ; Lib, Pontif, Leo III. § 413). If there is no
mifreading, the fecond Fatal Temple may have
been the ruin defcribed by Labacco and others, and
thought by fome archaeologifts to be the Janus of
Domitian, and by others part of the iEmilian
Balilica. Labacco, Arcbitetturay tav. 17; Lanciani,
Atti dei Lincei^ Ser. III. vol. xi. p. l ; Hiilfen, Annali
deir Inft. 1884, p. 323.

The Trea/ury of Saturn. 95

the public prifon, the temple of the
Fabii/ Behind Saint Sergius, the tem-
ple of Concord, before which is the
Triumphal Arch, whence was the afcent
into the Capitol by the public Treafury,'
that was the temple of Saturn. On the
other fide was an arch encafed with
marvellous ftones, whereon was the
ftory how the foldiers received their
gifts from the Senate through the
Treafurer,* that had the charge of this
bufinefs, all the which gifts he weighed
in a Balance, before they were given to
the foldiers ; whence it is called Saint

1 The Fabian Arch probably flood at the weft
corner of the temple of Faullina. See note aoo.
But the name of Fabius appears to have migrated
to the neighbourhood of the Prifon.

2 luxta aerarium publicum. The lituation of
the temples of Concord and Saturn (the aerarium)
and of the ciivus Capitolinus appears to have been
rightly known. The church of St. Sergius, re-
moved between 1539 and 1551, ftood on the fouth
corner of the ruins of Concord. (Nichols, Notizie
dei Roftri^ 65-71.) The ancient afcent is fpoken
of in the paft tenfe.

^ Per fac cellar ium.

96 The Marvels of Rome.

Saviour de Statera^ that is to fay, of
the Balance.'*

10. Of Cannapara^ and the place called
Hell; and of the Temples between
Cannapara and the Arch of Seven
Lamps.^

IN Cannapara is the temple of Ceres
and Tellus, with two courts or
houfes, adorned all around with porches
refting upon pillars, fo that whofoever
fat therein for to give judgment was

* It is impofliblc to fay what foundation there
may have been for this ilory of an arch, which, it
fhould be obferved, is not fpoken of as exifting.
Perhaps the whole was fuggefted by the additional
name of the church, the origin of which name is
unknown. The church feems to have been on the
fouth lide of the Capitol (Jordan, Topograpbie, ii.
483-487), poflibly the church now called S. Omo-
buono, formerly S. Salvatore in porticu. Martinelli,
Roma Sacra, 391.

^ In this chapter the vifitor is led from the
fouth fide of the Capitol, acrofs the Roman Forum,
and up the Sacred way ; but it Ihould be obferved,
that the names of thefe famous localities . appear to
have been forgotten.

The place called Hell. 97

feen from every fide.^ Fall by that
houfe was the palace of Catiline, where
was a church of Saint Antony;^ nigh
whereunto is a place that is called
Hell, becaufe of old time it burft forth
there ;® and brought great mifchief upon
Rome; where a certain noble knight,

* There can be little doubt, both from the fitua-
tion and defcription of the ruin, that the Cannapara
was the BafiHca Julia, the remains of which were
in a garden belonging to the hofpital of Our Lady
of Corfolation, and were ufed for a long period of
time as a quarry, as is evidenced by the leafes or
liccnfes granted for that purpofe, preferved among
the records of the hofpital. The bafilica, which
was principally ufed as a law-court, was erroneoufly
identified with the temple of Tellus, attributed by
eccleiiaflical tradition to the fame use. See note 69.

^ The palace of Catiline was probably the ruin
of the temple of Cailor. Suetonius mentions Cati-
line's houfe in the Palatine (^De GrammaticiSy 17).
Nothing is known of the church of St. Antony,
which appears to have difappeared before the
defcription was written. In the lower part of the
great ruin behind the temple fome religious paintings
were found a few years fince.

* Locus qui dicitur infernus^ eo quod antiquo tempore
ibi eructuabat. This name is ftill preferved in that
of the church of S. Maria Libera nos a poenis Inferni,
The hollow vaults under the towering ruins of the

98 The Marvels of Rome.

to the intent that the city fliould be
delivered after the refponfes of their
gods, did on his hamefs and caft him-
felf into the pit; and the earth clofed ;
fo the city was delivered. There is the
temple of Vefta,^ where it is faid that a
dragon coucheth below, as we read in
the life of Saint Silvefter.^^

The temple of Pallas is there, and

Palatine feem to have fuggefted fearful aiTociations,
which recalled at the fame time the yawning pit of
Curtius and the legendary cave of St. Silvefter.

* There is reason to believe, that confiderable
remains of the temple of Vefta exifted above ground
in the twelfth century. See Lanciani, Attidei Lincei,
Ser. III. vol. X. p. 349.

^^ The legend of St. Silvefter and the dragon
was ailociated with various localities in Rome.
The ancient legendaries place it in the Capitol, the
Ordo Romanus of Benedict near St. Lucia in
Orpheo. (See Extradl 6, in Mirabiliana.) Among
the pilgrims the Infernus^ by the temple of Vefta,
was believed to be the fpot. (Sccl Church Marvels,
c. 13, in Mirabiliana.) In the later medieval
legendary no fpecial locality is mentioned, but the
faint defcends into the pit by an hundred and fifty-
two fteps, binds the mouth of the dragon, and (huts
him in there until the day of doom. Pet. de Nata-
libus, AS a S, Silveflri^ £,22,

Cencio Frangipane^s Tower, 99

Caefar's Forum/ and the temple of
Janus, who forfeeth the year in his
beginning and in his end, as Ovid faith
in the Fa/it; now is it called Cencio
Frangipane*s Tower.* The temple of

^ From the temple of Vefta the vifitor is con-
du6^ed northward to the other fide of the Roman
Forum. The firft building paffed in this dire6^ion
would include the marble walls of the Regia,
perhaps the ' temple of Pallas ' of the text. The
* temple of Pallas ' before the portico of Fauftina is
faid to have been demoliihed under Paul III.
(Magnan, Citta di Roma^ i. 54.) This was the
time of the removal of the remains of the Regia.
Further north was the Mirabilian Forum of Caefar,
which lay to the right of the road leading from
St. Hadrian ro the temple of Minerva in the
Forum of Nerva, Ordo Romanus^ Extraft 4.

2 Cencio Frangipane was a leader of one of the
Roman fadlions in the firft half of the twelfth
century. The fortrefTes of this family, which in-
cluded the arch of Titus, appear alfo to have
extended acrofs the bottom of the Sacra Via.
The tower, built on a ruin here called the temple
of Janus, was perhaps upon a part of the temple of
Julius. It was united, with an ancient arch, to
the church of St. Laurence, that is, to the temple
of Fauftina. A maflive arch of mafonry which ex-
ifled till the middle of the fixteenth century near
the weft corner of this temple, and is fhcwn in

lOO The Marvels of Rome.

Minerva with an arch is joined there-
unto, but it is now called Saint Laurence
de Mirandu Faft by is the church of
Saint Cofmas, that was the temple of
Afylum. Behind was the temple of
Peace and Latona, and above the fame,
the temple of Romulus.* Behind New
Saint Mary, two temples of Concord
and Piety/ Nigh unto the arch of
Seven Lamps the temple of ^fculapius;

feveral early drawings, has been conjedlured to be
the arch here mentioned, and poflibly the remains
of the arch of Fa bins. See the Proceedings of the
Roman Archaeological Inilicute of this year, i888.

^ The name of Afylum^ given to the round
church, was perhaps fuggefted by that of Romulus,
which was its original defignation but had pafled
to the adjoining baiilica. The ancient building
behind, on the walls of which the marble plan of
Rome, partly preferved in the Capitoline Mu-
feum, was hung, appears to have adjoined the
Forum of Peace, The Baiilica of Conftantine, to
which the name of temple of Peace was afterwards
transferred, was called the temple (or palace) of
Romulus. See p. 20. The name of Latona was
derived from the learned name of an adjoining arch,
popularly called Arco del Latrone. See Or do Ro-
manusy Extract 6; Anon Magi, Urlichs, Codex^ 106.

* See p. 20.

The Palatine Hill. loi

it is therefore called Cartulary, becaufe
there was a common library there,* of
which there were twenty and eight in
the city.®

II. Of the Palatine Hill^ and the
parts nigh thereunto.

ABOVE the arch of Seven Lamps
Was the temple of Pallas,^ and

* The arch of Seven Lamps and the Cartulary
Tower have been mentioned, p. ii. There is
forae evidence of ah ancient temple of iEfculapius
near the Colofleum (Jordan, Topographiey ii. 508).
The Cartulary Tower was fo called from having
been a Papal Archive in conne6bion with a palace
exifHng on this fide of the Palatine in the eighth
and ninth centuries. (De Rofli, Bull, dtl Inft.
1884, p. 5.) It was afterwards part of the Frangi-
pane fortrefs, and was deftroyed in 1237.

« This is from the Notida. Urlichs, Codex^ 11.

I The mcmaftery of St, Scbaftian, alfo called^
S. Maria in Pallara, ftill exifting on the Palatine /
near the Arch of Titus, appears to have derived its \
name from an ancieiH palladium palatinum mentioned
in aqi in(cription of the time of Conftantine. - (De
-Roffi, Bull, di Arch4€QL Crift. 1867, p. 15.) In a
former page (p. 16) the Palatine Hill is called
Pallanteum^ in allufion to Virgil, Aen^ viii 53. /

Delegere locuniy etpojuere in m§ntibus urhtnt^

Pallantis proavi de nomine PaUanteum,

1 62 The Marvels of Rome.

the temple of Juno. Within Palatium
is the temple of Julian ; in the front of
Palatium, the temple of the Sun; in
the fame Palatium, the temple of
Jupiter, that is called Cafa maior.
Where Saint Caefarius is, was the Augu-
ratory of Caftfar.®

Before the Coloffeum was the temple
of the Sun, where ceremonies were done
to the image that flood on the top of
the Coloffeum, f having on his head a
crown of golddight with gems, whofe
head and hand are now before the
Lateran.f * The Septizonium was the
temple of the Sun and Moon, before
w^hich was the temple of Fortune.
Saint Balbina fin Albiftonf was the
fhifting-place of Csefan f There was a
candleftick made of the flone Albi/ion^

* The temple of Julian is unknown. The
temple of the Sun is probably the fame as that
below. The Cafa major was the group of imperial
palaces. S. Csefarius. may have been a church of
that name in the Palatine, and not the well-known
church on the Via Appia. The Attguratorium (not
Caefaris) occurs in the Notitia, Region X. Palatium,

^ See pp. 62, 64.

Saint Balbina in Albijlon. 103

which, once kindled and fet in the open
air, was never by any means quenched.
There, moreover, is the image of our
Lord behind the altar, painted by no
human hand, after the fafhion wherein
our Lord was in the flefh. The which
place is therefore called Albejla becaufe
the albae ftolae^ that is to fay the white
ftoles, of the emperors were there
made.f There were the Severian and
Commodian Thermae. Where Saint
Sabba is, was the Area of Apollo and
ofSpleen.^^^

12. Of the Circus of Tar quin.

THE circus of Prifcus Tarquinius
was of marvellous beauty: the
which was in fuch wife built up with
degrees, that no Roman hindered an-

210 Mutaiorium Caefarisy Thermae Severianae et
Commodianae, Area Apollinis et Splenis are all from the
Notitia, Region I. Porta Capena. The localities arc
probably arbitrary. The meaning of the name
Albifion is unknown. Two fanciful derivations are
fuggefted in the text. See p. 32.

104 The Marvels of Rome,

other in the feeing of the games.* At
the top were arches all around, ceiled
with glafs and fhining gold. Around,
were the houfes of the Palace above,
where the women fat to fee the games
on the fourteenth day of the Calends of
May, when the games were held.* In
the midft were two Needles ;* the leffer
had eighty and feven feet of height, but
the greater one hundred twenty and
two. On the top of the triumphal arch,
that is at the head of the Circus, ftood
a horfeman of gilded brafs, which
feemed to prefs forward, as though the

1 The Circus Maximus is learnedly introduced,
not by its popular name of Stadium (fee p. 31, note
70), but as the Circus of Prifcus Tarquinius (Liv.
i. 35). The form of the feats alluded to above is
fhewn in the drawings of the fixteenth century.

* The thirteenth of the kalends of May was
marked in the calendar as the laft day of the ludi
Ceaeri in Circo, which continued eight days. Corp.
Infer, Lat. i. 305, 391.

8 Duae aguliae: two obeli iks, the greater of
which (fomewhat fhortened at the bafe) is now at
the Lateran, and the lelTer in the Piazza del Popolo.
The heights are from the Region Book. Urlichs,
Codex, 21.

The Circus of Tarquin. 105

rider would have the horfe to run.
On another arch, that is at the end,*
flood another horfeman of gilded brafs
in like fafhion. f Thefe images with all
their hamefs made of brafs were carried
away by the emperor Conftantine to
Conftantinople, Damafcus and Alexan-
dria.!* In the height of the Palace
were chairs for the emperor and the
queen, from which they were wont to
fee the games.

♦ In alio arcu qui eft in fne, Thefe defcriptions
feem to imply that two arches were (landing in the
twelfth century. One only is mentioned at p, 10,
in circo arcus Titi et Vejpafiani^ unlefs arcus be here
treated as plural. The arch at the round end be-
longed in the tenth century to the monaftery of St.
Gregory, and was demifed in 1145 to the Frangi-
pani. Mittarelli, Ann, Cam. i App. 96, 3 App.417,
cited by Jordan, Topographiiy ii. 514,

^ Condantine added to the ornament of the
Circus, and his fon Conftantius erefted the greater
obelifk. The text is founded on a miflaken remi-
nifcence of the plunder of Roman monuments by
Conftans II. in 663, when the bronze roof of the
Pantheon was removed.

id6 The Marvels of Rome,

13. From the Cceltan Hill to Saint
Cro/s in ^erufalem.

IN the Caelian hill was Scipio's
temple. Before the Maximian
Thermae were two (hells,* and two
temples of Ifis and Serapis, In the
Orphan-houfe^ the temple of Apollo.
In the palace of Lateran are things to
be marvelled at, but not to be written.®
In the Sufurrian Palace was the temple
of Hercules.®

® Due concae [al. duo carcerei]. The Maximian
Thermae occur in the lift of thermae, Part i. c. 6 ;
but nothing is known about them^ or the ruin here
called Scipio*8 Temple, unlefs it be S, Stefano
Rotondo.

^ In orphanotropbio, A church of S. Stepbani
orpbanotropbiiy alfo called in fcbola cantoruniy is men-
tioned in old documents. Cencius, in M^billon,
Mus, ItaL ii. 194; Zaccagni, Mai. Spicikg, Roman,
ix. 462.

® See p. 65, and further on, Church Marvels,
chapter 4.

* See p. 20, note 36.

The Efquiline Hill. 107

14. Of the Edjlern Quarter of the
City.

IN the Efquiline HilP^ was the tem-
ple of Marius, that is now called
Cimhrumy becaufe he conquered the
Cimbrians, [where fome pillars and
images do yet appear].* In Licinius
his palace, the temple of Honour and
Diana.' Where Saint Mary the Greater

'^ The fingular name for the Efquiline, alluded
to in the chapter on the Hills, p. 17, Bxqutlinus
quifupra [al. fuper] alios dicitufy is mentioned in Peter
de Natalibus : Hie eiificavit eccUfiam SanSae Dei
GenitriciSy quae dieitur ad Praejepe et hodie Major
vacatur, in monte Superagio iuxta mateUum Libyae.
ASa S. Sixti IIL See alfo Adinolfi, Roma, ii. tj^j.

^ The images, commonly called the Trophies
of Marins, were removed in 15S5 to the parapet
of the Piazza del Campidoglio.

3 The Licinian Palace appears to have been in
the Region called in the middle ages Caput Tauri
(that is near the Gate of S. Lorenzo, fee p. 7) ; and
the temple of Honor and Diana is thought to be
fuggefted by fome knowledge of an aedes Honoris et
rirttttis, founded by Caius Marins. Vitruvius, lib.
vii. praef. Cicero, Or at. pro Seft. 54, 56; Corpus
Infer. Lat. i. 290. Jordan, Topograpbieyiu 319, 518.

io8 The Marvels of Rome.

is, was the temple of Cybele. Where
Saint Peter ad vincula^ was the temple
of Venus. At Saint Mary in Fontana^
the temple of Faunus ; this was the
idol that fpake to Julian, and beguiled
him.'

In the palace of Diocletian were four
temples, of Afclepius and Saturn and
Mars and Apollo, the which are now
called the Bufhels.*

At the head of the Three-Crofs-
Ways* was the temple of Venus, where

* The temples of Cybele, Venus, and Faunus
are without any known foundation. A church of
S. Maria in Fonticana is mentioned {Lib. Font. Leo
III. § 362). The legend, that Julian was led aftray
by the fpeech of an idol in the temple of Faunus,
is not found elfe where. There is another legend,
that he took an idol of Mercury out of the Tiber,
and the demon within it induced him to renounce
Chriftianity, and gave him the empire. Kaifercbro-
nik, cited by Graf, Roma nel Medio EvOy ii. 1 36.

* Nunc vocantur modii. The round form of
parts of the ruin of the Baths of Diocletian no
doubt fuggefted this name. One of the Bufhels is
now the church of S. Bernardo alle Terme.

* In capite ttivii. Whether the name trivium
(the modern Trevi) is of claffical origin, is not
certain. Hortus Veneris occurs in a Papal Bull,

Monte Cavallo. 109

it is yet called Venus' Garden. In
the palace of Tiberius, the temple of
the Gods."

On the brow of the hill was the tem-
ple of Jupiter and Diana, that is now
called the Emperor's Table, over the
Palace of Conftantine.^ There in the
palace was the temple of Saturn and
Bacchus, where their idols now lie.
Faft by are the Marble Horfes.®

In the Thermae of Olympias, where

relating to the boundaries of the parifh of SS.
Apoftoli, attributed to John III. but probably of
the tS7clftb century. Jordan, Topographie^ ii. 526,
669. Urlichs, CodeXy 200.

^ Templum deorum: the names perhaps omitted
by overfight. This palace of Tiberius fcems from
the order in which it is named to have been on
the Quirinal.

^ The ruin called tnenfa imperatoriSy and later
Frontifpizio di Nerone, is known by many drawings
and engravings. It appears to have been deftroyed
partly at the end of the feventeenth century and
partly in 1722.

® The palace of Condantine was the Conftan-
tinian Thermae, the ruins of which were oppofite
the church of S. Silveftro a Monte Cavallo. The
ilatues called Saturn and Bacchus were the two
river-gods, now in the Piazza del Campidoglio.

I lo The Marvels of Rome.

Saint Laurence was broiled, Was thfe
temple of Apollo!^ Befor)5 the palace
of Trajan, where the gate of the Palace
yet remains, was a temple:'*^

15. Of the parts of the City nigh unto
the Tiber.

IN the Aventine was the temple of
Mercury looking towards the Cir-
cus ; and the temple of Pallas ; and
Mercury's Well, where the merchants
received refponfes/ At the Arch of
the Racecourfe, the houfe of Aurelia

' See p. 18. The temple appears to be imag-
inary.

280 Seep. 93, note 187.
^ A temple of Minerva appears in faft to have
been on this fide of the Aventine (Jordan, Tapographiey
li. 530) ; and a balneum Mercurii is mentioned in the
Einfiedeln Itinerary as on the Aventine above St.
Mary in Cofmedin. The writer had probably Ovid
in his mind {Fafti^ v. 669).

Templa tibi pofuere patres fpeBcntia circum

Idibus: ex quo eft baec tibifefta dies,
Te, quUunque fuas profitetur vender e merces
Thure dat€y tribuas ut ftbi lutra, rogat.

The Palace of Lentulus. 1 1 1

Auriftilla;* on one fide the temple of
Maecenas, and on the other fide the
temple of Jupiter.

Nigh unto the Greek School was
the palace of Lentulus.* On the other
fide where now is . the tower of Cencius
de Orrigo, was the temple of Bacchus,*

At the gratings*^ was. the temple of
the Sun. The Round Saint Stephen

« Aurelia Oreftilla, wife of Catiline (Salluft.
CatiHn. Coniur, c. 15, 35.) The names of Lentulus
and Catiline (p. 97) fuggefted this third name. The
arch of the Circus has been mentioned, pp. 10, 104.

* This title of Palace of Lentulus is derived
from an infcription (P. Lentulus Cn, f. Scipio^ etc.)
formerly upon an arch near the church of St. Mary
in Cofmedin, or in Scbola Graeca, Uflichs, Codex y 226.

^ Cencio de Orrigo is not other wife known <
His tower may have been the building on the Janus
Quadri/rons, of vfhich the remains appear in Piranefi's
engraving, and other views until the beginning of
this century. But the Fe/um Aureum occurs later,
p. J 13.

^^Ad'gradeUas^ Jordan fuggefts, that the. church
of 8. Maria Egiziaca was the fame as S. Maria d$
Qradellis (Cencius, in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. ipi)-
The fluted half-columns may have fuggefted the
nan^e; but there was alfo a church Si Gregorii de
Gradellis. Jordan, Topografbiey ii. 531, 534; Urlichs,
Codex y 173; and fee note 3516 in this volume.

1 1 2 The Marvels of Rome.

was the temple of Faunus.^ At the
Elephant^ the temple of the Sibyl ; and
the temple of Cicero at the TuUianum,
fwhere now is the houfe of Peter
Leone's fons. There is the Career
Tullianus^ that is to fay, the TuUian
prifon, where is the church of Saint
Nicolas. There nighf is the temple
of Jupiter, where was the Golden
Bower ; * and the Severian temple,
where Saint Angel is. At Velur.i

• The Round S. Stephen of the twelfth century
was S. Stefano alle Carrozze in the Piazza Bocca
di Veritk, commonly known as the Temple of
Vcfta.

^ In Akfhanto. See note 171. Probably the
eUfantus herbarius of the Eighth Region {Notitia,
Urlichs, Codex y iz). Elephantus alfo occurs in the
Einfiedeln Itinerary, apparently between the theatre
of Marcellus and the ^choU Graecorumy i.e. St. Mary
in Cofmedin (Urlichs, Codex ^ 68; Jordan, Topograpbie^
ii. 657). In the map copied at the end of this
volume, the name, templum SibyiUt^ is given to that
church.

® The original text, without the addition from
the Graphia, runs as follows: et templum Ciceronis
in Tuliiano eft [al. et] templum lovis ubi fuit pergula
aurea. The church of S. Niccol6 in carcere^ which
flands on the fite of three ancient temples, ac-

Pierleone's Hou/e. 113

Aureum^ that is to fay, the Golden
Vail,^ the temple of Minerva. At the
Jews' Bridge the temple of Faunus '^^
at Caccavari the temple of Craticula.^

quired by an erroneous afiociation of names the
title, in car cere Tulliano. From this it was an eafy
ftep to Cicero. Pierleone, father of Pope Anaclete II.
died 1 128. His houfe under the Capitol {qua
Capitotii rupes aedibus Petri Leonis imminet, Fit a
Pajchalis II.) was near St. Nicolas, and probably
included the ruins of the theatre of Marcellus.
The temple of Jupiter appears to have bcr'n that
of Jupiter Stator at the Porticus of OAavia, here
called, from the infcription, the Scvcrian Tenlple.
Pergola d'oro may have been a popular name.
The church of S. Angelo in Pcfcheria is called in
a letter of the twelfth century S. Angeli itixta
templam Jovis, Gregorovius, Hiftoryy Ital. tranfl.
iv. 344, 424, 542 ; Mirabiliana, Or do RomanuSy
Extraft J.

^ Ad velum aureum. The ancient Velabrum.
See note dd,

2<® Idibus agreftis fumant alt aria Fauni^

Hie ubi difcretas infula rumpit aquas,

Ovid, Faftiy ii. 193.
1 The building called temple of Craticula was a
little weft of the Porticus of OdUvia. See Ordo
Romanusy Extrad i. The region of Arenula (Rione
della Regola) appears to have been alfo called regio
caceabariorut/iy and the church now S. Maria de
Pianto to have been S. Salvatore Cacabari. (Cencius,

1 14 The Marvels of Rome.

At the Antonine Bridge, the Ring of
Antoninus ;* where is now Saint Mary in
Caterino. At Saint Stephen in Pifcina
(that is to fay, at the Ciftem)^ the
palace of the prefe6l Chromatius, and
a temple that was called Holovitreum^
being made of glafs and gold by mathe-
matical craft, where was an aftronomy
with all the figns of the heavens, the
which was deflxoyed by Saint Sebaftian
with Tiburtius, the fon of Chromatius.

in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL 193; Martinelli, Roma Sacra,
388); Nomina ecclefiarum faec. xiv, Urlichs, Codex y
170, 174). This church is faid to have been at the
entrance of the * temple of Craticula.* Jnon, Magliab,
Urlichs, Codex y 169.

2 Circus [2[. arcus] Jntonini. In the lift of Thea-
tres, part i. c. 8, we have the theatre of Antoninus
by the bridge of Antoninus. The fame monument
is doubtlefs meant here, probably the theatre of
Balbus. If fo, the church of S. Maria in Catarino
[al. Cataneo"] cannot be identified with S. Catarina
de Rota. Martinelli, Roma Sacray 371.

^ The church of S. Stefano in pifcinula flood
oppoiite to S. Lucia in the Via S. Lucia. Chro-
matius {PraefeSlus urbuSy a.d. 284) was known by the
ABa of St. Sebaftian, in which his palace and its
deftrudlion are defcribed. {Acta Sanctorumy BoUand.
10 Jan.) See Or do Romanusy Extradl 4.

The Tranjitberim. 115

16. Of the Tranjitberim.

IN Tranjitberim^ that is to fay,
beyond Tiber, where is now Saint
Mary, was the temple of the Raven-
nates, where oil flowed from the earth
in the time of the emperor Odlavian ;
and there was the taberna meritoria^
where the foldiers ferved for wages, that
waited without pay in the fenate/
Beneath j^aniculus^ the temple of the
Gorgon.® At the river ftrand, where

* The name urbs Ravennatium, ^-^which occurs in
fome of the A£bs of Martyrs, and which has been
thought to be derived from fome cafira Ravennatium
eftablifhed in the Traftevere, analogous to the caftra
Mifenatium in the Third Region,— fuggeftcd to the
writer a * temple of the Ravennates * on the fite of
8. Maria in Traftevere. The legend of the foun-
tain of oil and the name taberna merit or ia are from
the chronicle of Jerome. Anno Abrah. 1976, E
taberna meritoria trans Tiberim oleum terra erupit
fluxitque tota die fine intermiffione^ fignificans Chrifti
gratiam ex gentibus,

® Ubi merebantur milites qui gratis ferviebant in
fenatu,

• Temflum Gorgonis. In the Notitia, Region
XIV. Tranftiberinay a monument called Caput Gor-
gonis is regiftered.

1 1 6 The Marvels of Rome.

the fhips do tarry, the temple of
Hercules. At the Ciftem^ the temple
of Fortune and Diana. In the Licao-
nian ifland* the temple of Jupiter and
the temple of -/Efculapius, fand the
body of the apoftle Saint Bartholomew.!
Without the Appian Gate, the temple
of Mars, and a Triumphal Arch.®

^ In pifcina. There is a little church between
the ifland and S. Cecilia, called S. Benedetto in
Pijcinula {in Pifcinay Cencius in Mabillon, Mus, ItaL
ii. 193), where St. Benedid is faid to have lived
(Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 79). The temple of Fors
Fort una trans Tiber im was probably known to the
author through Ovid {Fafti^ vi. 773), but this
appears to have been outfidc the Oftian Gate.
Becker, Handbuch^ i. 479

^ The name, insula Lycaonia^ occurs in some of
the Asia Martyr urn. The temples of Aesculapius
and of Jupiter are associated by Ovid, i^Fafti^ i.
291):

Accepit Phabo nymphaque Coronide natum
InfiiUy dividud quam premit amnis aqua,
lupiter in parte eft / cepit locus unus utrumque^
lunSiaque funt magno templa nepotis avo.

^ See pp. 10, 29, and notes 20, 62. This
paragraph appears to be out of place, or the com-
mencement of a new chapter on objefts without
the walls.

Conclufion. 117

17. Conclufion.

THESE and many more temples
and palaces of emperors, confuls,
fenators and prefects wore in the time
of the heathen within this Roman city,
even as we have read in old chronicles,
and have feen with our eyes, and have
heard tell of ancient men. And more-
over, how great was their beauty in gold,
and filver, and brafs, and ivory, and
precious ftones, we have endeavoured
us in writmg, as well as we could, to
bring back to the remembrance of
mankind.

MIRABILIANA.

I. The Marvels of Roman Churches,
A.D. i375.^«>

I. Of the Founding of the Church of Saint
Mary Major.

JOHANNES Patricius, fenator of the city,
let make the church of Sainr Mary Major;
likewife alfo did pope Liberins. For, on rhe
fame night, whiles they flept. Our Lady Mary
appeared unto them, faying, I lay upon you this
commandment, that ye build me a minfter. And
when as in the morning they were come together,
taking counfel concerning the marvel by them
feen, by the one as by the other, that they fliould
dedicate a church in honour of the blefled Virgin,

'^^ The following itnperfcft defcription of the
ccclcfiaftical Marvels of Rome, the Latin text of
which is printed by Parthey, as part of the Mira-
biliay from a manufcript of the fourteenth century
(Codex Vatic. 4265; Parthey, Mirabiliay pp. 47-62),
has been thought wordi reproducing here as a fup-
plement to that work. The text is incotnplete in
many places ; and i&OA words are for this or other
reafons occaiioaally omitted in the ^ngliih verfion.

122 Church Marvels.

there came meffengers, which (bowed unto them,
how that fnow had fallen in one place, the
feafon being in May time. They therefore ac-
knowledged this miracle, and dedicated a church
in that place. And it is therefore called Mary
Major, becaufe the fnow fell in the midft of May.*

2. Of the Converjion of Conftantine?

CONST ANTINE, that was emperor, caufed
male infants to be brought, that he might
be bathed in their blood, after the advice of his

^ The church of S. Maria Maggiore was called
S. Maria ad Prafepe after its moft famous relic, and
S. Maria ad Nives from the miraculous fall of fnow,
which is ufually faid to have occurred on the 5 th
of AugUft, on which day the feaft of its dedication
is kept. (Pet. de Natalibus, Fita SanRoruniy f. 136;
Baronius, Martyr olog, 5 Aug.) The month given
here is founded apparently upon a fanciful deriva-
tion of the title Major,

2 The ftory of the baptifm of Conftantine by St.
Silvefter appears in the Greek Ads of Silveder,
attributed to the iixth century. The legend as here
narrated is found in the medieval legendaries. It is
painted on the wall of the tranfepts of the Lateran
Balilica, and in the chapel of St. Silvefter at the
Quattro SS. Coronati ; and is alluded to by Dante
{Infernoy xxvii. 94),

Ma come Coftantin chiefe Silvefbo
Dentro Siratte a guerir delle lebbre.

The Legend of Conjlttntine. 1 23

phyficians and doctors, to the intent . that he
fhould be cleanfed of his leprofy. But the apos-
tles Peter and Paul appeared at night unto him
in his dreams, and bade him fend to the pope of
the Chriftians, the holy Silvefter, who then lay
hidden in Mount Syrapte, Wherefore a meffage
was fent to that place. Silvefter, when he faw
thofe knights [draw near, fuppofed that they

came to fummon him to his] death *

He, coming to Conftantine, fliowed him a picture
in the likenefs of the Apoftles, and afked him,
whether they that appeared to him in the night
were like unto that picture, and he faid that it
was even fo. The picture yet ftandeth in the
altar-wall above the high altar.* Conftantine
therefore was baptized, the idols of Rome were
beaten down, and the emperor in his baptifm
was alfo healed by Silvefter of. his leprofy.
Neverthelefs there remained of his flcknefs, upon
his forehead, one little fpot, by reafon of one idol,
that he held dear, and had hidden it away.
And when he found that he had the fpot by
reafon of the hidden idol, he deftroyed the fame,

* Militibus illis vijts cum mortem. The text is
defeftive, and fome words are fupplied. So Peter
dc N atalibus : Qui videns milites credidit fe ad martyr ium
evecarL A£ia S, Silveftriy f. 20.
* At St. John Lateran, p. 132.

124 Church MarvtlL

and fo was healed. Conftantine gave • . » a6
or horfe,*^ and a red mitre that Peter had as
pope ;^ and he brought him with . • • bridle on
a horfc to the Lateran. Now his mother
Helen difputed with, her fon of his converlion.
And the fame had been beyond fea ; and flie
brought with her two wizards. • • The: ox fells
[upon the word] of Helen's wizards, and rifes
again by the prayers of Silvefter.* It was after
this fight that Helen pa&d beyond fea for to win
the Holy Crofs*

* Dedit az*^ afinum aut equum.

* The mitra or regnum (fee p. 68, note 124)
which Silvefter was believed to have received from
Conftantine, was taken to Avignon, and, having been
brought back to Rome, was reftored by Eugenius
PV. to the Lateran, from whence it was ftolen in
the time of Innocent VIII. Rofponi, de Rafilica.
hater anmfiy 195.

* Bos cadit . ♦ . incantatorum Elene (?) refurgit
per orationes Silveftru. The ftory here alluded to is
told ia the legendaries. Helen had embraced
Judaifm, and to ailifl her in the religious contro-
verfy, brought with her fome Hebrew advifers, one
of whom, being a wizard, whifpered a word into
the ear (^i a fierce bull, which killed hjm. Silvefter
fpoke the name of Chrift^ and the bull arofe tame.
Pet. de Natalibus, A&a Confiantini^ f. 20.

The Venerahle Bede. 125

3. Of the Bajilica of Saint Peter,

IN Saint Peter's of Rome, as one firft goeth
into his minfter> is the firft altar, whereat
Saint Peter celebrated mafs. And as you go on
further, in the great door of the fame minfter lieth
the Venerable Bede.^ In the infide to the left
behind the fepultures of the popes, is the altar of
Saint Gregory, wherein his body is laid ;^ from
whence ftretcheth the Vatican Way in the half
behind the Sacrifty, proceeding along it toward
the nave of the minfter.* • . , After the altar

^ Venerabilis Beda, The memorial of Beda con-
lifted of a diik of porphyry lying under the filvcr
door, afterwards replaced by the bronze doors of
Pope Eugenius IV., which now clofe the principal
entrance of the modern baiilica. The Englifh Beda
was erroneoufly believed to be buried here.
Another Beda, a monk of the monaflery of Gavello
near Rovigo, contemporary of Charlemagne, had the
reputation of fanftity. His relics were tranflated
to Genoa. Vita Bedae tun. cum notis Papebroch. in
ji£ia SanSorum^ Bolland. lo April, p. 866 ; Mabillon,
Mits, ItaL u 142.

* The chapel of St. Gregory the Great, built
by Pope Gregory IV. was in the fouth-caft corner
to the left of the entrance. De Angelis, Bajilica
Vaticana^ Plan.

* A quo protenditur via Vatic ana in medietate (?)
foft facriftiam procedendo iuxta earn verfus navem monas-

126 . Church Marvels.

of Saint Gregory is the chapel of Peter and Paul,
where are the firft wooden images made after the
likenefs of the fame apoftles. • . . Thereafter is

interpofed a certain a great altar, in the

midft of which lyeth John Chryfoftom, and nigh
to the fame door is the altar of Saint Alexius ;
and it is faid that his body is laid before the fame
altar under the lamn that hangeth there, and
that in his own church no more is had of Saint
Alexius but his head. And above the fame altar
is an image of the blefled Virgin • . • made by
Saint Luke. Behind this, beneath the Sacrifty,
is Saint Peter's chair.^^ Beyond in the midft, is
the high altar of Saint Peter, where none but
the pope alone was wont to fmg mafs,^ beneath
the which altar is one half of the relics of the
bodies of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, and there is
th^fejforium of Saint Peter.^

terii via Lavicana, I cannot explain what fcnfc is
concealed here.

260 Pojthoc fub facriftia eft capud feu cathedra fan Sli
Petri.

1 Ubi nullus nifi folus papa confuevit cekbrare.
The paft tenfe (hows that the work belongs to the
tirac of the refidence of the popes at Avignon, that
is, between 1311 and 1378, and confirms the date,
1375, given in the laft page.

2 Et ibidem feforium fanSii Petri. The relics of
the Apoftles were, and are, in the Confeffto under

Saint Peter' s. 127

Thereafter is the altar of Saint Crofs in a
chapel, where of old time, in a certain -window
behind the altar, oil did iiTue forth, and the
ftone is fhown that is fet there and pitted with
holes.* Into that chapel women enter not by
the fame reafon, becaufe a certain woman, when
the faid oil, that had healed many flck folk, ftained
her robe, did curfe the oil, and thereupon the
fame ceafed to drop. Therefore that woman,
and all the women that yet do enter the faid
chapel, are accurfed and excommunicate.

Thereafter is the chapel of Saint John Baptift,
where is the baptiftery,* wherein men were wont
to be chiiftened at certain times of the year; and
it wis refolved that thofe baptifms fliould be
removed from that place unto Saint John of
Lateran.* Then before the pope's palace is the

the high altar. The pope on the third Sunday in
Advent ufed to go down and perform a fervice in
the ConfeJJio^ fitting in Jubfellio, Ordo Romanus
BenediBi^ in Mabillon, Mus. ltd, ii. 122.

'^ Et oftendit [qu. oftenditur'] lapis ibidem pojitus et
foraminibus feneftratus. The oratory of St. Crofs
was to the right of the high altar.

* In qua eft baptijmus.

* Et conjultum fuit de ifto loco fundi (qu.) baptifmus
in fan Stum Johannem Later an. The ceremony of the
baptifm of adults takes place at the Lateran on
Eafter Eve.

128 Church Marvels.

Holy Rood of Chrift's blood. There is the
altar • • •

As one entereth iirft into the fame church, to
the right is the altar of Veronica^ above which
the Vernick is enclofed.^ Into the £utie as one
entereth, toward the left, in the wall above is the
crofs of Saint Peter, nigh whereunto reft the
bodies of the Apoftles.*^ Then furtljer, towards
the left, is the Vatican, where many popes and
many iaints do reft.

In the fame church is one of the thirty pieces
of filver. Alfo, an image of the Holy Majefty,
which fpake to King Charles, faying. My foil,
thou has of&red to all, but to me haft thou given
nothing. Charles therefore drew from his finger
a ring, and caft it to the wall, where the fame
noble ftone is yet ieen; but he himfelf fell to the
ground and worfliipped.® In the fame place yet
• • . in the ftones from the feet and for the head.^

There is alfo the diurch of Saint Andrew and

® The altar of Veronica was in the north-eaft
corner of the old bafiHca to the right of the
entrance,

^ 1 fuppofe the apoftles Simon a&d Jude.

* I do not know whether this ftory refers to
Charlemagne, who was efpecially liberal in his gifts
of money and jewels to the church of St. Peter.

^ Ibidem adhuc . . , . in lapidibus a fedikus et m
capite.

The Seat of the Dung-heap. 1 29

the minfter of Saint ParneL^^ Moreover there
is the image of Chrift, from whofe head a
head felL^ Alfo nigh unto the altar where
the pope confecrateth the emperor, hangeth the
Cord of Judas Ifcariot. There are twenty and
eight degrees before the church, like as at Saint
Gregory by the Seven Floors.^ There alfo at
the fide is laid the body [of Chrift] that was
changed into a finger in the hands of the bleffed
Gregory.*

4. Of the Church of Later an.

IN the Lateran, before the ambit, is the feat
of the dung-heap,* where the pope is led for
to fit, when he hath been crowned at St. Peter'sj

2'® See pp. 70, 71,
"^ De cuius cepite cecidit caput,

* luxta feptemfolium. See note 70.

' Item eft pofitum corpus in latere. According to
the legend, St. Gregory was adminiftering the body
of Chrift to a lady, who was incredulous, becaufe
(he recognifed the bread as part of her own offering.
On the prayer of Gregory, the bread was changed
in form to part of a finger with blood on it, and
then changed again to bread. ASa S. Gregorii
Mombritius, i. 330.

* Sedesfterquilinii. This ceremony is dcfcribed
in the Ordo Romanus of Cencius, and in that of
Jacobus Gaietanus. In the former, written in the

130 Church Marvels.

and he faith: Silver and gold have I none, but
that I have, give I thee. Above the palace before
Saint Silvefter^ be two feats, in the which it is
confidered, whether the pope be a man or woman.
In the fame place is an image of the Majefty ®

time of Celeftine III. (i 191 -i 198), the Jedes flerco-
raria is faid to be ante porticum bajilicae Salvatoris
fatriarchatus Lateranenfis ; in the latter, about 1320,
it is defcribed as fedes marmorea ante portimm nunc
deftruiiam, Mabillon, Mus, Ital. ii. 211, 259.

* Ante fan ^um fan Siorum [read Stheftrum], The
two feats here alluded to were before the baiilica of
St. Silvefter at the Lateran Palace, and the pope
on the day of his coronation fat firft on one, and
then on the other. While in the firfl he received
the keys of the Lateran palace and bafilica. From
the fecond he threw money to the people. Both
feats were of porphyry. (Mabillon, Mus, ItaL ii. 212,
261 ; Crefcembeni, 5. Giovanni av ant i Porta Latina^
p. 140.) We fee above the popular interpretation
of thefe lingular ceremonies. Leo X. was the laft
pope in whofe coronatis^n they were ufed. All the
three feats were prefcrved in Mabilloh's time in the
cloifter. The fedes fiercoraria was not perforata,
(Mabillon, Mus, Ital i. Pref.) As to the legend of
Pope Joan, with which the ftory in the text is con-
nefted, fee p. 139.

^ Ymdgo maieftatis proiecta in lapide ceu cum lapide
vulnerata eft fanguinea a tefferatore. I cannot disen-
tangle the words of the text ; but Cencius fays,
that on the arch of the baiilica of St. Silvefter was

The San6ia SanSiorum. 131

.... There is a crofs that paffed from wall to
wall by reafon of the words of a certain prieft,
which gave abfolution of a fin to a woman that
confefled unto him.

In the chapel that is called Sancta Sanctorum^
is well nigh all of the Coat without Seam, whereof
the other part is in the greater Church ....
where the altar top is the Lord's table in the
Supper.® Moreover, in the fame church or chapel
be the heads of the apoftles® Peter and Paul, and

a pidture of the Saviour, which, being ftruck in the
forehead by a Jew, dropped blood, as might ftill be
feen. (Mabillon, Mus, Ital. ii, 212.) A ftain of
blood was fhown on one of the fteps of Pilate's
houfe (the Scala Santa) formerly at the chapel of
St. Silvefter, now before the Sandta Sanftorum. Cref-
cembeni, Chiefa $. Giovanni avanti Porta Latina, 140.

' The Sanfta Sanftorum was the chapel of St.
Laurence, and is ftill preferved.

® In ecclefia mayori argent eo in cuius ecclejie cacumen
altaris eft menfa domlni in cena. The Coat without
feam was one of the relics at the high altar, where
was alfo the wooden altar of the Martyrs in a filver
frame, and, above that, the table at which the Laft
Supper was celebrated. See the Table of Latcran
Relics printed at the end of the volume.

® In eadem ecclefia five capella funt capita apofto-
lorum, Thefe heads were placed by Nicolas IIL
in the Sanfta Sanftorum, but were transferred by
Urban V. in 1369 to the high altar, and placed in

132 Church Marvels.

the head of Saint Agnes, and the head of Saint
[Euphemia], and a part of Cbrift's body, that
Chrift confecrated in the Supper, and many other
things befide. Alfo above, under a vault,^®^ is
an image of the Majefty, painted by God's hand,
the which the blefled Luke had drawn in the
picture. Alfo before the Holy of Holies is the
image of Our Lady, before which Theophilus
was reconciled.^ In the fame place is the head
of Zachary.^

Moreover, above the high altar in the church,
is the table with the images of the apoftles Peter
and Paul, which was fliewed unto the emperor
Conftantine by grace divine.^

the two filver bulls which are now in the upper part
of the ciborium. Rofponi, Bos. Later an^ 45.

280 Item fuperius in teftudine. This famous pifture
of the Saviour, painted on wood, is above the back
of the altar in the Sandla Sandlorum under an
arched gothic canopy of marble.

^ Parthey writes antequam Theophilus reconciliatus
fuit, I do not know what ftory is alluded to,

2 Caput Zathae [read Zachariae\ In one lift
of relics at the Lateran is the head of Zacharias the
Prophet ; in another the head of Zacharias, father
of St. John Baptift; but neither is defcribed as being
in the Holy of Holies. Crefcembeni, ^. Giovanni
avanti Porta Latina^ 136, 139 ; compare Mabillon,
Mus, JtaL 570.

5 See p. 123.

Bajilica of Saint Paul. 133

' In another part is the veflel, wherein Con-
ftantine was baptized and cleanfed from leprofy,
before the chapel of Saint John Baptift, wherein
women enter not. In . . . « is another chapel,
wherein is painted an image of Our Lady, that
upon the offering of a ring by a certain woman,
ftretched forth her hand and drew to her the
ring, where it yet appeareth upon the finger in
the picture.

5. Of Saint PauFs BaftUca, and the Cloijier
of Anajlatius.

IN Saint Paul is the other moiety of the bodies
of the apoftles Peter and Paul ; and the
great chalice of Pope Honorius, where be written
verfes to this purport : *

Paul of high name, take this noble veffel,
Which I, Honorius, who prefide in the Sacred

Court, give in thine honour,
That thou in anfwer to pious prayers mayeft give

n^e thy realms of piety.
And that I may feek the reft of peace and be

united with the blefled.

* Uo minis exceljt, vas nobile fufcipe, Paule:
Fas in honor e tu[o do^ prejul Honorius aule,
Ut tua regna pits precibus michi des pietatisy
Et fatur pads requiem^ iungarque beatis.
Poffibly the fecond word in the laft line was Jeffer,

134 Church Marvels.

At Anaftaiius is a cloifter of Ciftercian monks

at the Salvian well/ where be three wells

There was the bleffed Paul beheaded; and when
he was beheaded, he cried thrice : Jefus, Jefus,
Jefus ; and in each place a well flowed, after the
three leaps of the head.

6. Of the Churches of Saint Mary Major ^ and
the Round Saint Mary.

IN Saint Mary Major above the high altar is
an image of the face of Chrift, with another
picture, that was not made by man, but by the
hand of God. There is alfo the image of the
bleflfed Virgin by the hand of God, but as fhe fat
to be painted by Saint Luke. In the fame
church lyeth Saint Jerome ; alfo the cloak left at
Troas,^ whereof the apoftle maketh mention in
his Epiftle. There be alfo three long fplinters
of Our Lord's Crofs, and fome of the milk of
the bleflfed Virgin, and Our Lord's blood in a

In the third line the tranflator has fubftituted des
for das^ and in the fecond has added the letters
within brackets.

* Ad fontem falinum [c^m, falviufn]. Aqua Salvia;
fee p. 30.

^ The Latin copy has aula et cufthotium^ for which
the tranflator has read fenula reliSla Troadi,

Saint Mary New. 135

cryftal, and of the wood of the Holy Crofs ; the
head of the apoftle Saint Matthias, whofe body
alfo refts before the altar.*^ Nigh unto Saint
Mary Major, Simon Magus began his flight, and
before New Saint Mary he fell.®

At the church of Round Saint Mary® [the
porch] hath one hundred feet of width, and four-
fcore and four feet of depth.

7. Of the Church of Saint Mary New.

IN New Saint Mary is a table wherein is
painted by Saint Luke, as it is faid, the
image of Saint Mary with her child ; and upon a
time when that church was burned, this table
alfo was fet on fire,^^ and was blackened all over,

7 The place of depoiit of the body of St.
Matthias appears to have been uncertain in the
twelfth century. See Johannes Diaconus, in Ma
billon, Mus, ItaL ii. 573.

® As to the legend of the flight of Simon
Magus, fee the next chapter.

^ In eccleJiafanUe marie rotunde. The meafure-
ment here given appears to be that of the portico,
the external dimeniions of the whole fquarc addition
to the Rotunda being 1 1 2 X 84 Englifh feet. Taylor
and Crefy, Monuments of Rome, plates 45, 46.

^'^ Ifta tabula est et abigna [read ufta ab igne'\ fuit.

136 Church Marvels.

and nought doth appear either of the garments or
of the limbs, but the faces of the mother and
child did endure unhurt, as yet appeareth.' In
the fame at an altar is the ftone that is marked
by the kneeling of Saint Paul,^ when he prayed
during the flight of Simon Magus, who fell
before that church, where the place is marked
on the ftones.* Thereby is the temple of Peace,
wherein it was written, I fhall not fall but if a
maid bear a child, and again. The temple fhall
not fall except a maid bear a child. ^

^ The picture is ftill fhown.

2 St. Peter and St. Paul are alTociated in this
miracle. Gregory of Tours fays that the ftones
indented by the knees of the apoftles remained, and
that the rain-water colleded out of thofe holes
healed the fick. (Gregor. Turon. de glor. mart. i. 28,
cited Urlichs, Codex^ i^SO ^ ftone with two holes
is ftill fhown in the church.

^ The place where Simon fell was believed to
be marked in the fourteenth century by a ftain on the
pavement. Cernet lapidem infando Simonis cerebro
maculatum, (Petrarch, Epift, Fam, ix. 13, ed. 1853).
An early legendary fpeaks of four ftones united into
one by the broken body. Urlichs, Cod, 181.

* The temple, or palace, of Romulus of the
Mirabilia (pp. 20, 100) has become the temple of
Peace, by which name it continued to be known
for many centuries.

Saint Mary Tranfpontina. 137

8. Of divers Churches and Relics.

NIGH to Saint Hadrian, and againft that
image of ftone,^ is the Prifon of Saint
Peter, and a well in the fame. Moreover, the
pillars whereunto the apoftles were bound, are at
Saint Mary Tranfpontina ;* where is the place
in which Saint Peter was crucified J

At Saint Peter ad vincula is the chain where-
with he was bound. At Saint Paul is Saint
Paul's chain.

At Round Saint Mary ^ is Saint Agnes in Agone^
where fhe was caft forth and fet in a brothel.

At Saint Silvester, where be the nuns of Saint
Clare, is fliown Saint John Baptift his head.*

At Saint Pudentian, fifter of Praxed, are the

* Contra illam ymaginem lapideam. The image
of Marforio.

* Afud Jan&um Marcum in cropediem [read JanHam
Mariam Tranfpadinam,] The pillars were in the
old church of S. Maria Tranfpontina (frequently
mifwritten Tranfpadina), and in 1587 were carried
in proceffion to the new. {Roma Antica et Moderna^
1668, p. 88.)

7 See notes 142, 144.

® That is, near the Pantheon, in Piazza Navona.

* This famous relic, from which the church
had the name of S. Silveftro in capite, is not now
there, but is preferved at the Vatican.

138 Church Marvels.

bodies of Pudentian and Prifcilla, and there was
the cemetery of Prifcillai alfo the place of baptifm
of the fame virgins. There was their father's
houfe, the dwelling-place of Peter and Paul,^^

Where Crifpin is and Crifpinian, is the paftoral
ftafF of the fame.^

In Saint Praxed is the body of Saint Maurice
and his forty fellows.* Moreover in Saint Praxed
is the body of the fame faint j and the third part
of the column whereat Chrift viras fcourged, in a
fmall chapel, where women enter not.

From Saint Praxed, as one goeth toward Saint
Sixtus, towards the left, are the Thermae of Dio-

^^ Ibi fuit domus paterna Petri et PaulL The
houfe of Pudens, - the father of Pudentiana and
Praxede8,-at which 'St. Peter was received as- a gueft.

1 The bodies of SS. Crifpin and Crifpinian are
faid to have been brought from ^oiflbns to Rome,
and entombed at St. Laurence in Panifperna.
(Baronius, jAartyrokgium^ Oft. ^ 2 J .) But Jieither
of them was a biihop.

3 The more popular . Saint Maurice of the
Theban Legion has been fubftituted by the aclthor,
or his copyiil, foran-obfcure Rroman martyr^ Maurus.
The ancient lift (infcribed on a marble table in the
church) of faints, whofe bodies to the number of
2,300 were transferred from the catacombs by Pope
Pafchal I. and placed under the high altar at S.
PrafTede, includcb che following: * Mauri et 'Uliorum
quadraginta mar^rum.

Pope ^oan. 139

cletian, which were painted by the Four Crowned
Martyrs;* and in the fame way is a memorial of
the Geese, that roufed the Romans from fleep
and freed them from captivity.

In going from Saint Sixtus is the caftle oi
Antonianus, under which is the calHe of the
Three Legions.*

9. OfPopeJoan.^

MOREOVER nigh unto the Coloffeum,
in the open place,^ lieth an image which
is called the Woman Pope with the boy, whofe

' There may be a confuiion between the
Thermae of Diocletian and thofe ot Caracalla ; but
even fo the defcription of the diredlion is unin-
telligible.

* Caftrum Anthoniani fub quo eft caftrum trium
(?) legionum. The firft are probably the thermae
Antoninianae,

• The fabulous Pope Joan was faid to have
fucceeded Leo IV. who died in 855, and to have
filled the fee of St. Peter for more than two years.
The legend makes its firft appearance in the
thirteenth century (Martinus Polonus, Chronicon^
cd. Plantin. p. 317), and was generally believed
until the end of the fifteenth.

^ In platea. In the Mantuan plan publiffied
by De Roffi {Piante di Roma\ the loco dove partcrt la
papejfa is fhown to the north of S. Clemente,

140 Church Marvels.

body is buried at Saint Pitreus in honio? More-
over, in the fame open place is a Majefty of the
Lord, that fpake to her as {he pafled, and faid :
In comfort flialt thou not pafs;® and when fhe
pafled, fhe was taken with pains, and caft forth
the child from her womb. Wherefore the Pope
to this day fliall not pafs by that way.*

apparently towards the end of the Via Labicana.
Sut in Panvinius' note to Platina {Vitae Pontificum^
I Gib, 104) it is implied that the facellum, then flill
exifting, where the female pope was faid to have
been buried, was not in the Via Labicana, but in
the other way from the ColofTeum to S. Clementc,
which ran between the Via Labicana and the road
pafling the SS. Quattro. It fhould be obferved that in
the twelfth century, before the legend of the female
pope was current, there was a domus lobannis papae
between the ColofTeum and S. Clemente. Cencius,
Orda Romanus^ c.29, in Mabillon, Mus, Ital, vol. ii.

^ AdfanBum Pitreum in bonio,

^ Comodo (?) non tranjibis,

^ The ancient proceffional routes between the
Lateran and the ColofTeum are defcribed in the
Or do Romanus^ Extraft 4. It is poffible that at a
later time, when the legend was current, the fpot
afTociated with it was purpofely avoided. See the
note of Panvinius, in Platina, Fit. Pontif. 104. At
the date of the text, the papal proceffions had long
been difcontinued owing to the abfence of the popes.
See note 261.

Saint Sixtus. 141

10. Of Ara Celt, and Saint Sixtus.

AT Saint Marjr in Ara Celi *^® is an image,
painted by God's hand, of the bleffed
Virgin in tears, as (he ftood by the crofs.

In Saint Sixtus [is the minfter] of the Friars
Preachers and holy Nuns; there be the bodies of
Pope Zephyrinus, of Pope Lucian, of Pope Soter,
of Calocerus and Parthenius, of Pope Lucius, of
Lucius bifhop and of Maximus martyr;^ and an
image of the bleffed Virgin made by Saint Luke;®
the which a certain pope obtained by wrong, or
took away, and carried the fame into the Holy of
Holies, faying that the mother ought to be with
the Son, whose image is there. But in the morn-
ing, againft the dawn, the image returned with a
great light to the worfliip of the Sifters 5 and the
fame in the Holy Week changeth his colour, so

^^® Ad fan Bam Mariam mamma celi.

^ Ibidem funt corpora pape Severini pape Luciani
pape Perfutheris pape Calethorii pape Perthoquinii pape
Luci epifcopi Maximii martyris. The names in the
tranflation arc correfted from the table in the
church (Martinclli, Roma Sacra, 306). But the
name of Lucian is not in the lift of popes.

* This miraculous pifture, placed by St. Dom-
inic himfelf in S. Sifto, was transferred with the
nuns to the church of SS. Domenico c Sifto on the
Quirinal Hill.

1 42 Church Marvels.

that on Grood Friday it is all pale. In the fame
place is ... . the table of the blefled Dominic,
upon which the angels brought bread; and the
altar whereat the fame saint fang Mafs, and raifed.
from the dead the Cardinal's nephew,^ by whofe
means he hath many monafteries in England.^

II. Of the things beyond Saint Sixtus.

FROM Saint Sixtus in going toward Saint
Sebaftian, when you come to the wall, is
the Latin gate, where is a cloifter to the left^^

* TKc miraculous cure by St. Dominic of' a*
young kinfman of the Cardinal of Foffa Nova; who
was thrown from his horfe and brought lifelcfs into*
the houfe, is narrated in the life of the Saint. (Mom-
britius, J^a 6\ Dominiciy i. 245b.) The Cardinal
was Stephen de Ceccano, Abbot of FofTa Nova in
Campania, who was created Cardinal 12 11, and
died 1227. His young kinfman, according to
Ciaconio, was his brother's fon, Napoleon, but is
called by others Napoleon Orfini. The Cardinal
held by King John's gift the church of Bamburgh;
in Northumberland, out of which he affigned to the
nuns of S. Siflo a penfion of fifty marks, redeemed
in 1428. Ciaconius, Fit, Pontif, i. 646; Taxatio P,
Nic, IF. J 1 7/ Bull, Ord. Praedic. an, 1244, 1428,
Add. MSS. Brit. Mus. 15,352, p. 118.

* Ubi eft claftrum [read clauftrum] ad finiftram.
The church of St. John ad portam Latinam wa^
anciently a collegiate church of fccular canons

Saint Gregory. .143

and there is the veffel wherein Saint John the
Evangelift was fet, and the chain that he was
bound withal; and there nigh before the gate^ on
the right hand, as one goeth forth, is the place
where Saint John was fet in the veffel of boiling
oil.

And as one goeth further without the walls,
toward Saint Sebaftian, in the Appian Way, is
the chapel Domine quo vadis; and a conduit.

12. Of the Palatine yund Saint Gregory,

AT the Greater Palace is the Garden of
Delights, and Ovid's Palace. There is
alfo the cloifter of the holy Gregory, wherein he
let make him a monk ; in the fame cloifter is a
book of Dialogues of his hand, and there is the
image of the Crucifix, that nodded his hegd to
bear witnefs between a Jew and a Chriftian, of
the money received. At the fame is the board,
whereat Saint Gregory did fet twelve poor folk
whom he had bidden, and our Lord Jefus Chrift
appeared cas the thirteenth gueft. Near by is the
cloifter of Saints John and Pawl, martyrs, where
their bodies do reft.

under an Archprieft. In 11 44 it was united to the
Lateran BafiUca, but appears to have preserved its
collegiate pharader. Crefcembeni, 5, Giovanni
avanti Porta Latina^ 224, 246*

144 • Church Marvels.

13. Offundry Churches and Relics.

AT Saint Vivian is her head, where reft four
thoufand martyrs.

At Saint Marcellus is the head of Saint
Cofmas.

At Saint Paul's Gate is the Sudary of the
fame Saint ."^

At Saint Alexius is the head of Alexius, and
the head of Saint Boniface.

At Saint Cicely is her head ; and there was
her houfe, and her body is there in the altar,
with nine hundred and fix other bodies.

Saint Silvefter bound the dragon, that had flain
of Romans more than can be told, in the end of

^ Ad portam Jan£li Pauli eft Judarium domini
[read eiujdem faniii]. The Judarium domini would
be the Vernicle, preferved at St. Peter's. Probably
the objed here alluded to was the kerchief («'^/(^^),
faid to have been borrowed by St. Paul on the way
to his own martyrdom, and miraculoufly reftored to
St. Plautilla (or Lemobia) at the moment of his
death. (Mombritius, A£la San^orum, f. 194b; P.
de Natalibus, JSia S. Pau/i.) The place where it
was reftored was Ihown outfide the Oftian Gate.
Perhaps the kerchief itfelf was exhibited in a chapel
there. See note 456 on the medieval Plan of Rome
at the end of this volume.

Saint Bartholomew. 145

the Greater Palace, where now id the church of
Saint Mary of Hell.^

There be two places where holy martyrs
fulfered in the city : at Saint Vitus in macello^
near Saint Mary Major, and at Saint Sebaftian.^^

At the Holy Angel in the Fifli market, is
Saint Felicity with her feven fons.

In Saint Bartholomew in the Ifland is (hown
his head} and there alfo is his body under a
golden bull of the emperor.^ There alfo is the
head and body of Paulinus, confeflTor and bifhop.
Moreover, there is the arm of Thaddeus, the arm
of Simon, and the chin of Saint James the
Greater.

At Saint Crofs in Jerufalem.* There

* See p. 97, 98.

^ The church of S. Vito was at the ancient
Macellum Liviae (see Or do Romanus^ Extraft 3 ), but
was called ad macellum martyrumy and a ftone was
fhown there on which many martyrs were believed
to have been put to death.

820 St^ Sebaftian on the Palatine, near the Stadium,
the place of martyrdom of that faint.

^ Both the emperors Otho II. and Otho III. are
faid to have brought to Rome from Benevento the
body of St. Bartholomew; bui the poffeflion of this
relic was ftill difputed by the Beneventines. See
Baronius, Martyrologiumy Aug. 25 ; Gregorovius,
Hiftory (Ital. Tranfl.), iii. 584.

2 jid SanSam Crucem in lerufalem ibi quedam

146 Church Marvels.

moreover, is the cord wherewith Chrift was
bound on the crofs;* alfo Chrift's fponge, and
one of the nails of Chrift*s crucifixion with
eleven thorns of his Crown ; and there in the
tower without, put away in the wall, was that
golden fcripture that Pilate wrote over the head
of Chrift : J ejus of Nazareth King of Jews.
There is alfo one great timber, that hangeth
above in the great minfter, of the crofs of the
thief that hung on his right hand.^

Neiar by is the cittern of fome emperor, the

fecit fe demorari aut demembrari. Perhaps the words
here corrupted or loft referred to the building of
the church by St. Helena in a place where Ihe was
believed to have dwelt.

' Ligatusfuit ad ftatuam. The laft word appears
to be corrupt. An ancient infcription from the
lower chapel prmted by Martinelli, fays : funis quo
ligatus fuit D. N. le/us Cbriftus in Cruce* Roma
Sacra^ 96.

* Unum magnum lignum . , . de cruce dextri later is
ac latronis. The penitent thief became in medieval
legend Saint Difmas. 5. Difmasfuit ille latro qui a
dextris domini crucifixus eft, P. de Natalibus, ^^ 6^.

In that Chirche is alfo

Of the Croys he was on-do,

That heng on Rode him by,

And of his funnes hedde Merci.
ne Stacions of Rome (Early Englifh Text Society,
1867), p. 13.

Saint Mark. 147

which he had always full of wine; and now
Saint AngePs church is there.^ On the other
fide, towards Saint John in Lateran, is Pilate's
houfe.^

At Saint Mark's is his robe with many other
relics.^

At Saint George ad velum aureum is his head.

At Saint Laurence in Panifperna Saint Lau-
rence was broiled, and there is his fat in a cryflal,
and the iron wherewith he was fHrred.

* I cannot find any notice of a church of S.
Angelo in this locality, nor explain the allufion to
the ciftern. Is it poflible, that the amphitheatre
included in the wall may have been called by the
pilgrims the Emperor's wine-vat ? Compare note
141.

® The Scala Santa and fome columns at the
Lateran Palace were faid to be part of the houfe of
Pilate.

7 The church of St. Mark was built by, and
named after St. Mark, Pope and ConfciTor, whofe
body was transferred thither in 1 145. The veftis
mentioned in the text may be affigned to Mark the
Evangelift.

148 Church Marvels.

14. Of the Churches in Tranjliherim,

AT Saint Mary in Tranjiiherim^ outfide the
church, did oil flow forth three days when
Chrift was born,® Moreover, there is an image
of the blefled Virgin aloft above the door, which
anfwered unto the Romans, that they were fafc
by reafon of the penance that they had done. In
the fame is the body of Saint Calixtus.

In the church of the Holy Ghoft is the body
of Saint Cyriac ; and in a chapel above, in the
hill in Nero's Camp,® is an image of the blefled
Virgin, which Saint Luke did make.

In Saint Chryfogonus is the body of the fame
Saint, and the arm of Saint James the Greater,
with many other relics.

In Saint Cicely is her body.

15. Of the Aventine Hill

N Saint Sabba's minfter, which he founded,
lie Titus and Vefpafian and Volufian.^^^

8 See p. 115.

* Perhaps the little church of St. Michael in
SaJJia,

^^ In the Portico of St. Sabba, there is faid to
have been a great fepulchral ftone with an infcrip-
tion beginning thus :

Conditur hie tumulo Titus cum Vejpafiano,

The Aventine Churches. 149

In Saint Prifca is her body; alfo the bodies or
Aquila and PrifciUa, of whom the Apoftle wrote.

In ... an altar ^ that was confecrated by Pope
Gregory, to whom, as he fang mafs at the fame,
appeared an image of Chrift crucified; in remem-
brance whereof Pope Urban [ordained] the office
Nos autem; and over the fame altar is a picture
of Saint Luke of his own hand.* And there is
the holy fandal of Saint Peter. Alfo a fmall piece
of the Chair of the fame.^

16. Of St. Barbara^ St, Martin^ and St. Agnes.

IN the church of Saint Barbara is her head
and arm; alfo the pillar whereunto (he
was bound with her fitter.

In Saint Martin in the Mount is the body of
Saint Silvefter pope.

At Saint Agnes without the walls, there is

(Martinclli, Roma Sacra, 296.) Volufian was aflb-
ciated with Titus in the legendary flory of the
punifhment of the Jews for the killing of Chrift,
See note 36.

^ In altars. Perhaps we fhould read. In fanBa
Balbina eft altare. That church was confecrated by
St. Gregory. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 76.
2 Pi8ura JanUe (lie) Luce de manu propria,
^ Item in [?] etujdem Cathedra [?] parva peccia.

150 Church Marvels.

over the altar an image of Saint Agnes, holding
in her hand the ring, that fhe received from John,
her prieft, by the order of Pancafius,* as yet
appeareth. In that convent there was one that
fhould be cloiftered, but fhe could not; and at
the laft (he confefled the caufe; wherefore they
that be in that cloifter cannot abide but if they
be clean maids.^ In the fame place is the head
of Conftantia, and of Amata,® virgins.

* Quam recepit a prejbytero lohanne ex iujju
Fancajii, This ftory is alluded to by Petrarch in a
letter to Philip de Vetriaco : Videbit Agnetis annuulm
et divinitus extinSiae libidinis mtraculum recognofcet
(Petrarch, Ep, Fam, ix. 13. ed. Lc Monnicr,
1853). A prieft of her church begged leave of the
Pope to marry. The Pope gave him a ring, and
bade him afk St. Agnes to take him as her fpoufe.
He ofFfrred the ring to the ftatue of the Saint,
which extended its finger and clafped the ring ;
and the prieft had no inclination for any other
wedlock. {Asia SanSlorum, Holland. 10 Apr.)
The prieft in the legend is called Paulinus, the
name of the pope is not given.

^ At St. Agnes was a convent of nuns until
1499, when Sixtus IV. removed them, and put the
church under the care of the Canons Regular of St.
Saviour. Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ 52.

® Amate. Perhaps St. Emerentiana.

Saint Sebajlian. 1 5 1

17. Of Saint Laurence.

AT Saint Laurence in Lucina is his gridiron
and the chain that he was bound withal.
There is his body and that of Stephen proto-
martyr,*^ and the ftone whereupon Saint Laurence
was put, when he was lifted off from the gridiron.
And the body of Hippolytus below in a chapel,
in an altar.

In Saint Laurence [/« fonte'\ is his prifon and
a well therein.®

18. Of Saint Sebafiian.

AT Saint Sebaftian is the Cemetery of Saint
.Calixtus at the Catacombs. And without
is the campus agonis, wherein is an idol, at the
which Saint Sebaftian was {hot with arrows. And
near by is the well, wherein Saint Urban bap-
tized . . . and his hiding-place. And in Saint
Sebaftian is Pope Stephen, and the place where
he was beheaded. In the fame is the woman of

^ This paragraph applies to St. Laurence with-
out the Walls.

8 St. Laurence in fonte, in the Via Urbana, is
faid to have been the houfe of St. Hippolytus.
Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 137.

152 Church Marvels.

Samaria.® And in going into Saint Sebaftian
appear the ftones of Saint Stephen.**^ Alfo two
crofles in a lamp which are faid to have been
made before Our Lord became flefh. There alfo
in a field, over againft Saint Sebaftian, nigh to
his chapel, is a well, out of which [Saint Urban]
chriftened Saint Cicely and Tiburtius and Va-
lerian.^

.....* In the church of Saint Peter ad
Vtncula is very remiffion of all fms.

In the year of Our Lord M.CCC.LXX.V.^

® The head of the woman of Samaria appears
to have been one of the relics at St. Paul without
the Walls. Roma Antic a e Moderna, 1668, p. 20.

**® Apparent lapides de fanSlo Stephano, Probably
the ftones marked the place of Pope Stephen's
martyrdom. He was killed while celebrating mafs
at the cemetery of Lucina : cuius fanguis in pavimento
effufus adbuc ibidem apparet, Petrus de Natalibus,

f 134 b.

^ This feems to be the fame well as that men-
tioned above.

2 In this place in the manufcript are copied
fome Indulgences granted by Pope Gregory to Roman
Churches. Parthey, Mirabilia^ 62,

* See note 261.

MIRABILIANA.

II. A DESCRIPTION OF RoME BY BeNJAMIN OF

TuDELA, A Hebrew traveller, about

A.D. II 70.*

ROME is divided into two parts by the river
of Tiber, the one part being on one fide,
and the other part on the other. In the firft
part is a right great temple, that is caUed Saint
Peter's of Rome, and there alfo is the palace of
the great Julius Caefar;^ and there, moreover, are
full many buildings and works, the like whereunto
are not in the world. And around the part of

* The Hebrew book, from which the above
defcription is ex traded, has been printed in a Latin
Tranflation at Antwerp in 1575, and again at
Leyden in 1633, in an Englifh Tranflation by
Wright {Early Travels in Paleftiney London, 1848),
and in a German tranflation by Martinet at Bam-
berg in 1858. Not having Mr. Wright's work at
hand, I have taken the above from a later Latin
tranflation by Dr. Geiger, given in the valuable
Codex Topographicus of my friend, Prof. Urlichs,
p. 178.

^ Mirabiliay pp. 22.

154 Benjamin of Tudela.

Rome wherein men dwell, are fpread out twenty
and four miles of ruins.* And there be found
therein eighty Palaces of eighty full mighty kings,
that be all called emperors from Tarquin's reign
unto the reign of Pepin fon of Charles, who firfl
conquered Spain, when it was holden of the Ifli-
maelites. The Palace of Titus is without Rome,^
who was not received by the three hundred
Senators, becaufe he had not fulfilled their com-
mandment, and had not taken Jerufalem until
the third year, whereas they had fet him to do it
in two years. Moreover there is the palace of
Vefpafian, after the manner of a caftle, a right
great building and a ftrong.® There alfo is the
palace of king Malgalbinus, in whofe palace be
three hundred and three fcore houfes, after the
number of days in the year, the compafs whereof
reacheth unto three miles.® And whereas upon a
time war arofe among them, more than an
hundred thoufand men were flain in this palace,
whose bones are hung there imto this dayj and

* Mirabilia^ p. 6.
^ Mirabilia^ p. 22.

^ Perhaps the Colofleum.

• Urlichs fuggefts the catacombs Compare
Mirabiiiay p. 29. May it not be the Palatium majusy
the vaft ruins of the Palatine ? The carved work
feems to allude to the fculptures of the Arch of
Severus, or the imperial columns.

Defcription of Rome. 155

the Emperor fet forth in carved work all that,
had happened in that war, how faction was fet^
againft faction, hoft againft hoft, men and horfes
with. their armour, all in marble^ for to (how unto
them that came after how great a war had once
been. Moreover is found there a cave under
ground, where the Emperor and the Empress his
wife fit on thrones, and an hundred barons of his.
realm ftand around, all embalmed with drugs
unto this day.'^^

And there be there, in Saint John's church at
the Latin Gate, at the altar, two brazen pillars
of the works of King Solomon, to whom be
peace; and in each of them is cut the infcription,
Solomon Son of David ;^ and it was told unto
me by Jews abiding in Rome, that every year on
the ninth day of the month Abib, a fweat like
unto water droppeth from thofe pillars. And
there is there a crypt, or privy chamber, wherein
Titus, fon of Vefpafian, did hide the holy veffels
taken from Jerufalem.^

There is alfo another crypt, in a hill by the
fhore of the river Tiber, wherein be buried the

^® Perhaps the Maufoleum of Auguftus. Mira-
biliay pp. 80, 81.

1 Mirabiliay p. 66, note 119, St. John at the
Ladn Gate is put for St. John Lateran.

' Mirabiliay p. 65.

156 Benjamin of Tudela,

ten righteous men of blefled memory,* who were
flain under the reign of ... .

Moreover, before the bafdica of the Lateran is
Samson carved in ftone, holding a globe in his
hand. Then there is Abfolon, fon of David,*
^nd the Emperor Conftantine, who built the city
that is called after his name Conftantinople ;
whose image with his horfe is of gilded brafs.
There be moreover other buildings and works in
Rome, the number whereof no man can tell.

• This appears to refer to ten doctors of the
Miihna, who were killed between the time of
Vefpafian and Hadrian. Wright, Early Travels in
Paleftine^ 68, cited by Urlichs, Codex^ 179.

* It is uncertain what ftatue was known to the
Jews by this name. As to Samfon, fee Mirabiliay
p. 64.

u. ;V'

MIRABILIANA.

III. Ordo Romanus.^^^

Extract i. ProceJJion from Saint Anajtafta to the
Vaticariy part of the Ceremony of Chrijimas-day.
(Mabillon, Mufeum Italicumy ii. 125. Ordo
Romanus^ c. 16.)

IN the morning the PontifF faith Mafs at Saint
Anaftafia, which done, he goeth down with
proceffion by the way nigh to Porticus Galla-

8W The following extrafts are taken from the
Politicus BenediSi Canonici, a treatife on the religious
ceremonial of the Papal Court, written by Benedift*
a Canon of St. Peter's, and dedicated to Guido de
Caftello, Cardinal of St. Mark. The latter became
pope in 1143 under the name of Celefline II.
The book mull therefore have been written before
that date. It has been already Ihown in the
Preface, how the Politicus was affociated with the
Mirabilia in the century which produced them both.
The paiTages relating to proceffions, which are
tranflated in the following extrafts, furnifh the
moft important evidence refpefting the medieval
topography of Rome, and are eflential to the inter-

158 Or do Romanus.

torum^ before the Temple of the Sibyl, and
between the temple of Cicero and Porticus Cri-
norumf and proceeding between the bafllica of
Jupiter and the Flaminian Ring,^ he then goeth
nigh to the Severian Porch, and crofSng before

pretation of the Mtrabtlia, The Politicus of Benedi^
is printed with other Ritual Books, under the general
title of Or do Romanus, in Mabillon, Mufeum, Italicumf
vol. ii.

^ A record of the year 1243 mentions fome
houfes in porticu Gallatorum ante ecclejiam S, Marie
de Gradellis (Nerini, S. AleJJio, 432). As to this
church, and the temples of the Sibyl, and of Cicero,
fee pp. Ill, 112.

^ The temple of Cicero being at S. Niccolo in
Car cere or in car cere Tulliano, the Porticus Crinorum
muft be placed between this and the Capitoline
hill ; perhaps the. ancient porticos of the Forum
Olitorium.

® Circum Flaminium, (So Urlichs from Cod.
Vatican. 5348; Mabillon. has arc urn Flaminiumy
In going from the church . of St Nicolas to the
Porticus of Oftavia, the moft important monument,
which the proceffion muft have paffcd, was the
Theatre of Marcellus. It is probable that the
name of the Flaminian Circus had been transferred
to the ruin of this theatre, which feems to have been
included in the ftronghold of Pierleonc. See
pu 23, note 44; p. 113, note 238, The bafilica,
or temple, of Jupiter was in the Porticus O&aviae,
See p. 112. The way would pafs between this and

St. Anaftajia to the Vatican. 159

the temple of Craticula,* and before the infula
milicena et draconariorum^ fo on the left hand
goeth down to the Greater Way of Arenula^^
paffing by the Theatre of Antoninus;^ and by the
Palace of Cromatius, where was the Holovitreum^
and under the arch of the emperors Gratian
Theodofius and Valentinian,* he entereth by the
Bridge of Hadrian before his temple^ and nigh
unto the obeliik of Nero/ and before the memorial
of Romulus,* and by the Porticus afcendeth into
the Vatican to the bafilica of Saint Peter, where
is a ftation; and mafs is there fung with all the

the theatre, and then in front of the Porticus, on
the entablature of which was, and is, the infcription
of Sevcrus.

® Mirabilia^ p. 113, note 241. *
*^ Infula melicena (al. militend) et draconariorum.
This infula appears to be a group of houfes like the
infula argentaria (see Mirabilia^ p. 92). In the fame
Ordo (chapter 22) the draconarii are mentioned
among the officers ailifting in papal ceremonies.

1 The Via della Regola.

2 Tranfiens per iheatrum Antonini, Probably the
theatre of Balbus. See p. 23.

* Fer palatium Cromatii ubifuit olivitreum. See
note 243.

* See p. 10, note 19.

* See p. 114.

* See p. 75. The Porticus was the covered
way through the Borgo to St^ Peters.

i6o Or do Romanus.

Orders of the Palace as behovethj and he ihould
there receive the crown on his head^ and return
with proceffion through the midft of the city to
the Palace, to finifli the feftival of the Crown.

2. Proceffion from Saint Hadrian to Saint Mary
the Greater^ part of the Ceremony of the Feaji
of the Purification of the Blejfed Virgin, (lb.
c. 29, p. 131.)

IN the morning ftation at Saint Mary the
Greater. The eighteen images of the
deacons ^ iffue forth, and with the clerks and people
they go to Saint Hadrian, where a coUeft is done.
But my lord Pontiff difmounteth at Saint
Martina with the biihops and cardinals and the
other fchools. Then with the reft he is robed
. . . Then he walketh to Saint Hadrian, where
is a ftational crofs. . . . Then the fub-deacon
taketh up the ftational crofs; and when he
Cometh forth he raifeth it, and carrieth it before
the Pontiff" in proceffion unto Saint Mary the

^ Exeunt xviii, imagines a diaconis. So in the
fame Ordo, cap. 29, cum xviii. imaginihus diaconorum.
There were at that time eighteen diaconiae^ the
incumbents of which were the Cardinal Deacons,
but in this document they are iimply called diaconi^
and the Cardinal Priefts cardinales.

St Hadrian to St. Mary Major. i6i

Greater. The primicerius on the left hand^ fup-
porting the pallium of the Pontiff, flngeth with
the fingers the anthem Adorna thalamum tuutn
Sion.

The Pontiff with the others faith Pfahns,
and fo proceeding bare-foot before the arch of
Nerva, he entereth by the Forum of Trajan,
and going forth of the Arch of Aurea in the
porticus apfidata? afcendeth by the hill nigh unto

® Etjic procedens difcalciatus ante arcum Nervae (?)
intrai per forum Traiani et exiem arcum Aureae
in porticu apjidata. Jordan underflands the pro-
ceflion to have gone firfl in the diredlion of the
Arch of Nerva (that is, the arch adjoining the
temple of Minerva in the Forum Tranfitorium),
then to have turned to the left through the Forum
of Auguftus (included in that of Trajan, fee note
1 86), and to have gone out of the imperial Fora
through the Arco dei Pantani. (Jordan, Topograpbie,
ii. 474). But this interpretation gives a forced
fenfe to the words et Jic precedent ante arcum, which,
according to the ufage obferved elfewhere, fhould
mean paffing by the objed, not walking towards it.
It is probable that the words arcum Nervae conceal a
reference to fome other monument near S. Adriano.
Jordan fuggefts arcam Noes but if this name was
then popularly applied, as it was in the fifteenth
century, to the temple of Minerva (Urlichs, Codex,
165, 225), it would fcarcely be employed by a
learned writer, who in another place calls the fame
building the temple of Nerva, fee p. 171. One

1 62 Or do Romanus.

Eudoxia,* and croffing by the filex nigh to the
Houfe of Orpheus,*^® goeth down by the title
of Saint Praxed to Saint Mary the Greater.

may fufpeft that the monument really paffed was
the ruin with Doric pilafters near S. Adriano de-
fcribed by Labacco and deftroyed in the fixteenth
century (Note 190). I am inclined to think that
the route is the fame as that fhortly defcribed in
Extrad iv, and the arcus Aureae (if that is the true
reading, compare p. 167) in porticu apfidata is the
Arch of the Forum Tranlitorium, which appears to
have opened into a curved porticus. (See the plan
in Middleton's Ancient Rome, 253.) There is reafon
to think that the Arco del Pantani was clofed
through the middle age. It is fo reprefented in
Bufalini's plan; the exifting marks of rafters on
the arch fhow that medieval buildings were placed
againft it; and the Anonymus Magliabecchianus de-
fcribes the monaftery of St. Bafil as extending to the
temple of Minerva (Urlichs, Codex, 165). The
expreilion per Forum Traiani does not, according to
the ufage of the author, neceflarily mean through,
but rzih^T along the Jide of, the Forum. See note 384.
® luxta Eudoxiam. Near S. Pietro in Vincoli,
called Titulus Eudoxiae, Mirabilia, Part ii. c. 6.

^^ The church of S. Lucia in Orphea, otherwife
called S. Lucia in filies, had its name from a lacus
Orphei (probably a fountain adorned with fculpture
relating to Orpheus), mentioned in the Notitia,
Region V.

St Mary Major to Later an. 163

3. ProceJJion from Saint Mary the Greater to the
Lateran on Eajier Day, with the ceremony of
the Laji Supper. (lb. c. 48, p. 141.)

MASS ended (at Saint Mary the Greater)
the Pontiff* is crowned^ and returneth
with proceffion to the Palace by the Efquiline
Hill. Entering under the arch^ where it is called
the I/ivian market^^ he proceedeth before the
temple of Marius, that is called Cimbrum^ croi&ng
by Merulana, goeth up to the palace by the
Fullery.^ In the entry of the bafilica of Saint
Zacchary Pope, after receiving the lauds of the
cardinals and judges, as in other crown-days,* he
difmounteth from his horfe, and is received by the
Primicerius. The Secundicerius of the judges
taketh the crown, and giveth it to the chamber-
lain,* who placeth it with care in the cheft. And
on that day the Judges bring him into the great
Leonian bafilica, into a chamber where eleven
benches are prepared and one lower feat • around

^ The arch of Gallienus by the church of St.
Vitus in macel/o, on the iite of the ancient macellum
Liviae.

2 Mirabilia^ p. 107.

^ luxtafulkniam. See p. 79.

* In aliis coronis.

^ Cubiculario.

^ Undecim fcamna et unum Jubfellium.

164 Or do Romanus.

the table of my Lord Pontiff, as well as his own
couch '^ well arranged, after the fafhion of the
Twelve Apoftles around Chrift's table, when they
did eat the Paffover. There five Cardinals and
five Deacons and the Primicerius recline on their
elbows at fupper, the prejbyterium having been
firft given in the chamber with the manus^ as on
Chriftmas day. The Pontiff then arifeth and
Cometh to the place that is called Cubitoriumy
where the roafted lamb is blefled j and blefleth it,
and returneth to the couch at the table. The
Prior of the bafilica fitteth in the lower feat before
the couch. Then my lord Pontiff taketh a little
of the lamb, and firft offereth it to the Prior,
faying: That thou doeft, do quickly, and as
Judas received unto damnation, fo do thou receive
unto remiffion; and putteth the fame into his
mouth, who taketh and eateth. The reft of the

® The prejhyterium and the manus appear to
have been gifts of money. In cap. 22 it is faid,
" On Chriftmas day and on Eafter day he giveth to
all the principal officers {omnibus prior ibus) a manus y
that is a double prejbyterium^ to wit to the FrefcA
XX foL and the manuSy to the primicerius of the
judges \\\\, foL and the manus ^ to each of the judges
iiii. JoLy etc. So after the greater Litanies (c. 56)
the clergy receive from the Curia of my lord Pope
a pre/byterium.

Ceremony of the Lajl Supper. 165

lamb he giveth to thofe that fit at meat with him^
and to others as he will^ and fo they all do eat.
And when the banquet is half done^ a deacon
arifeth on the bidding of the archdeacon and
readeth the LeiTon. The fingers then by the
order of my lord Pontiff fmg a Sequence fui table
for Eafter with the mufic of the organ ; and that
done, they go and kifs the Pontiff's feet, who
giveth them a cup full of liquor,* the which they
drink, and receive from the Burfer^®® one be-
zant.

4. Procejjwn from the Later an to Saint Peter* s and
back^ part of the Ceremony of Eafer Monday,
(lb. c. SO, 51, p. 143.)

IN the morning all the Orders Palatine are
affembled at the palace with the Pontiff,
and come down from the palace ; and my lord
Pontiff rideth. He entreth by the Field ^ near
Saint Gregory in Martio^ goeth down into thv

• Coppam plenatn potione.
^® A 'faccellario,

^ The campus Lateranus, called in Bufalini's
plan campus fan^usy lay to the north of the Bafilica
and Palace.

2 S. Gregory in Martio is identified with the
little chapel of S. Mari" Tmperatrice, whjch lately

1 66 Or do Romanus.

Greater Way, under the Conduit Arch, and on
the right hand before Saint Clement," turning to
the left near the ColofTeum, pai&ng by the arch of

exilled in the garden of the Englifh fculptor,
Warrington Wood, at the Villa Campana, in the
angle between the Via S. Giovanni Laterano and
the Via SS. Quattro.

' Defcendit in viam Maiorem fub arcu formae et
dextra manu ante fanBum Clementem. According to
an ancient document, cited by Maringoni from the
Regifter of the Hofpital of St. Michael (or St.
Saviour), the way leading from S. Stefano Rotondo
to the Lateran was called via maior et fan St a (Mar-
ingoni, SanSta San ff or urn, 291; Urlichs, CodeXy 186).
Adopting this interpretation of via maior , the pro-
ceffion, for a ihort diftance, followed that road,
which lay to the fouth of the aquedudt; then
pafTcd under one of its arches and took a way (now
no longer ezilling) on the right hand, leading to
the front of the atrium of S. Clemente; after
palling which it turned to the left (into the via
Labicana) and pafTed along the north fide of the
ColofTeum in the direftion of the Via Tor de' Conti.
The whole route may be traced on Bufalini's plan.
But it is perhaps more probable that the via
maior of the Ordo was the road to S. Clemente
reprefented by the prefent Via di S. Giovanni
(Urlichs, CodeXf 90), in which cafe the proceffion,
having entered that route under one of the arches
of the aquedudt, turned to the right to pass before
the atrium of S. Clemente.

From the Later an to St. Peter's. 167

Aurea* before the Forum of Trajan as far as
Saint Bafil^ and going up by the hill about the
Militiae Tiberianae^^ goeth down by Saint Abba-
cyrus,^ and paiSng before the Holy Apoftles, on
the left hand going down into the Via Lata, and
turning down by the Via ^irinalis^ and pro-

* Tranfiens per arcum Aureae [al. Nerviae],
Whatever is the true reading, the arch is probably
that which formerly ftood to the fouth of the temple
of Minerva in the Forum Tranfitorium. See p.
i6z. It is important to obferve that the vrord per,
in the language of this document, does not mean
through or un^er, but by. When the proceffion
paffes through an arch, the expreffion is /ub arcu.
See notes 383, 401, 403. The procefEon therefore
does not enter the imperial Fora, but continues
outlide the wall of the Forum of Auguftus (in
which was eftabliihed the convent of St. Balil),
towards the Torre delle Milizie.

^ Circa militias Tiberianas.

• This church (originally dedicated to S. Cirus
abbas, converted by a gradual corruption to S,
AbbacyruSy and Santa Pacera) appears to have been
near the north end of the hemicycle of the Forum
of Trajan, by the Via Magnanapoli. See Marti-
nelli, Roma Sacra, ^z, 335.

7 Siniftra manu defcendens in via Lata [qu. viam
Latam"] et declinam per viam Quirinakm, The Via
Lata is the Corfo. The Via Quirinalis (not known
as an ancient ftreet) was evidently a ftreet leading
from the Quirinal hill acrofs the Coifo; poifibly

1 68 Or do Romanus.

ceeding to Saint Mary in Aquiro at the Arch of
Pity,® fo goeth up to the Campus Martins^ paffing
before Saint Trifo,^*® nigh to the Pofterns,^ unto
the Bridge of Hadrian j entreth by the bridge, and
goeth forth by the Porta Gollina * before the tem-
ple and caftle of Hadrian, proceeding before the
obelifk of Nero, entreth by the Porch nigh to the
Sepulchre of Romulus,* goeth up to the Vatican,
into the bafilica * of the blefled Apoftle Peter; and
there fingeth mafs with all the Roman People.

the lane leading from the Trivium (Piazza Trevi)
towards the Pantheon, or the ftreet mentioned by
Petrarch as croffing the Via Lata, ubi tranfverfa
illam (Viam Latam) fecat via^ quae a montibus ad
Camilli arc urn y et inde ad Tiber im defcendit (Petrarcha,
Epift. FamiL viii. i.) For the Arch of Camillus,
fee p. 21, note 40.

® See p. 14, note 28 ; and p. 84.

® See p. 84, note 162.
^ The church of S. Trifone faced the Via
dell a Scrofa, and was abforbed in the convent of
S. Agoftino.

^ luxta pofterulas. Thcfe appear to have been
openings in the wall, which was carried along the
bank of the river from the corner near the Porta
Flaminia to the Aelian Bridge.

3 The Porta CoUina occurs in the lift of Gates,
Mirahiliay p. 8. It appears to have clofed the
bridge from the Leonine City.

* Mirabiliay Part iii. chapter 3.

* In bafilica [read bafiUcam],

From St Peter's to the Later an. 169

The which ended, he is crowned before the
bafilica of Saint Peter, in the place where he
mounteth his horfe; and wearing his crown he
returneth with proceffion to the Palace, by the
fame Holy Way ^ by the Porch and by the afore-
faid bridge, entering under the triumphal arch
of the emperors Theodofius, Valentinian and
Gratian,® and goeth nigh to the palace of Cro-
matius, where the Jews make praife.''' PreiEng
on by Parione between the Ring of Alexander ®
and Pompey's Theatre, he goeth down by
Agrippa's Porch and goeth up by the Pineay
nigh unto Palatina^ and paiEng on before Saint
Mark, goeth up under the Arch of the Hand of

* Per banc viamfacram,

^ Mirahilia^ p. 10.

^ Mirabilia^ p. 114. In the Ordo Romanus of
Jac. Gaietanus, the place where the Jews made
their reverence to the pope is faid to be ad turrim
de Campo, Mabillon, Mus. ltd, ii. 259.

® Projilicus per Parionem inter circum Alexandri
etc. Between the Yizxtol Navona and the theatre
of Pompey. The Poriicus Agrippina is probably the
Portico of the Pantheon, infcribed with the name of
Agrippa.

^ Afcendit per pineam iuxta paiatinam. The name
of Pinea remains in the Piazza Pigna, and is ftill
attached to the Region. The bafilica of St. Mark
was founded, a d. 336, by St. Mark Pope, iuxta Pala-
tinas. Lib. Pontif, 49.

170 Or do Romanus.

Fleflij by the Clivus Jrgentarius*^ between the
in/ula of that name and the Capitol; goeth down
before the prifon of Mamertinus, entreth under
the Triumphal Afch,^ between the Fatal Temple
and the Temple of Concord,^ proceeding between
the Forum of Trajan and the Forum of Caefar,
entered! under the Arch of Nerva,^ between the

*^ Su3 arcu manus carneae per cUvium argentarium.
See pp. I2y 91, 92.

1 Intrat fub arcu^ etc. This may ferve as
evidence, that in the earlier part of the twelfth
century one vault at leaft of the Arch of Severus
was ftill open. At the end of the fame century it
appears by a bull of Pope Innocent III. {Mirabiliana^
part iv.) that the fouth vault belonged to the clergy
of St. Servius, and the middle vault, which was
divided between them and a private proprietor, was
already occupied by chambers.

* The Fatal temple was Sta Martina. The
temple of Concord was rightly known. (See page

95).

• Sub arcu Nervaey[Nerviae^ Mabillon]. Leaving
the arch of Severus, the proceffion goes through
the ancient Forum Tranjitorium, having on the left
hand the * Forum of Trajan' which included that of
Auguftus (see p. 92), and on the right the so-called
Forum of Caefar (fee p. 99), and paffcs under the
arch between the temple of Minerva and another
building (poffibly the Colonnacce) called the temple
of Janus. But this arch appears to be called elfc^
where arcus Aureae, See pp. «6i, 167.

Mamertine Prifon to Later an. 171

temple of the fame goddefs and the temple of
Janus, goeth up before Afylum along the ftlex
where Simon Magus fell before the Temple of
Romulus/ proceedeth under the Triumphal Arch
of Titus and Vefpafian which is called the Seven
Lamps, goeth down to the Meta Sudans before
the Triumphal Arch of Conftantine, turning on
the left hand before the Amphitheatre,*' and by
the Holy Way nigh unto the Coloffeum^
returneth to the Lateran ; and there being honor-
ably received, and praifes having been made by
the cardinals and judges, goeth up to the Palace ^
giveth a prejhyterium without manuslf and maketb
a banquet ® in the fame Leonine BafUica, After
the banquet he goeth down to Vefpers, and doth
the office as it is written.

* Sec pp. 100, 136.

* Reclinans manu laeva ante amfhithefitrum.

* Per fan Bam viam iuxta Colofeum. The fanRa
via may be the road palling by SS. Quattro. See
Panvinius, in Platina, Vit. Pont, f, 104. But in the
document cited in note 383 it is identified with
via major and the lane pafling by S. Stefano Rotondo,

^ Prejbyterium Jine manibus. See note 398.

* Celebrat convivium.

172 Or do Romanus.

5, Procession from the CobJJeum to Saint Peter's, in a
Greater Litany. (lb. c. 57, 58, p. 146.)

WHEN the proceffion is come before the
Coloffeum, the Subdeacon of the Region
beginneth the Septiform Litany, and they of the
bafilicas* fing the refponfes unto the feventh.
And when he is come before Saint Mary New,
my lord Pope, in a bed prepared for the pur-
pofe,*^^ taketh reft, with the Bifliops, Cardinals
and Deacons, until the Litany be ended. The
which done, my lord arifeth and faith, Oremus,
and the Deacon, FleSfamus genua. The refponfe
foundeth, Levate. The Pontiff faith a prayer; the
deacon , Procedamus cum pace, and they all return
in procefEon by the via Jacra^ to the before-
mentioned Clivus Argentariiy or Silverfmith's Hill.
The Subdeacon beginneth the Quinqueform
Litany in the fame order as before as far as the
bed before Saint Mark, where my lord repofeth,
as in the firfl. Then they return in proceffion to
the Triumphal Arch of the Emperors Theodofius,

^ Bajilicarii.
*^® In praeparato leRo.

1 Per viam Sacram. The ufe of the claffical
name in this inftance is remarkable. The name
was preferved in the Afts of Saints. Compare
Mirabilia, note 195.

Colojfeum to St. Peter's. 173

Valentinian and Gratian,^ where he beginneth the
Triform Litany as far as the bed on the Hadrian
Bridge. They then come to Saint Laurence in
the Greater Porch,^ where he beginneth the
Simple Litany as far as the bed at the Cantarus
before Saint Mary of the Vergers at the end of
the Court.*

The Litany ended and the other ofHces, he
afcendeth to the bafilica of Saint Peter, where is
a ftation, and there my lord Pontiff fingeth
Mafs.

6. ProceJJion with the Sacred Pi^fure, part of the
Ceremony on the Feaji of the AJfumption of St.
Mary. (ib. c. 72, p. 151.)

IN the AfTumption of Saint Mary, my lord
Pope, with all the Curia, doeth Vefpers
and Vigils of nine leflbns in the church of Saint
Mary Greater. When this is done, he returneth
to the Lateran, and the Cardinals and Deacons,

^ See pp. 10, 159.

* St. Laurence, alfo called in Pifcibus from a
family of that name (Martinelli, Roma Sacra^ S^S)*
is in the Borgo S. Michele, now included in the
Borgo San Spirito.

* Ufque ad leBum cantari ante fan Bum Mariam in
Firgari [al. Hrgariorum] in fine cortinae. The

174 Or do Romanus.

with all the people, take the image of Jefus
Chrift from the Bafdica of Saint Laurence,*^
carrying it through the Lateran Field nigh to the
bafilica of Saint Gregory.* . . . The prefect,
with the Twelve Men, receiveth from the Curia
twelve torches ;7 and the Ufhers twelve more,
which they carry kindled before the Image.
While the Image paffeth through the Field, the
chamberlains ftand on the top of Saint Gregory,®
holding two kindled torches, the which they
quench when the Image is pafled. And when
the Image is come to Saint Mary New, they put
it down before the church, and wafh his feet with
bafiL' Meantime, in the church, the Schools do

cantarm here mentioned was not the fountain in
the Parvife (p. 73), but another bafin at the foot of
the fteps of St. Peter's, before a chapel which took
its name from the chaplains who attended with rods
at the high altar {virgarii)^ and who had an bofpitium
near this chapel. Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 375.

' The famous pifture in the chapel of St.
Laurence or San£la San6torum. See p. 132.

* See p. 165.

^ Faculas,

® In fttlmine fanSii Georgii [read Gregorit],

® Lavant pedes eius de bafilico. That is, with
water in which this herb was fteeped. The water
fo ufed was believed to acquire a healing power.
Aqua ilia qua cum badlico pedes eius lavantur a languen-
Ubus haufta nonnullis extat caufa recuperandae falutis.

ProceDion with Sacred Picture. 1 75

Matins, to wit, of three Leffons.**^ And the
people {landing and bleffing the Lord, take the
Image thence and carry it to Saint Hadrian,
where they wafh his feet. And, ifluing from
the church, they return by the way they came,
and carry it by the Arch in Lathone^ becaufe of
old time there was a great perfecution of the
Devil there. Then they pafs nigh to the Houfe
of Orpheus, by reafon of the Bafilifk, which at
that time lay hid^ there in a hole, by whofe
ftench and hiffing men that paffed thereby were
made fick and died: therefore Pope Sergius
ordained this Proceffion in this great feftival, to
the intent that by the lauds of fo many people,
and the interceflion with God of the moft holy
Virgin Mary, the Roman people might be de-
livered from thefe perfecutions.

They then go up to Saint Mary where my
lord Pontiff, being arrayed, lingeth Mafs, and
bleffeth the tired people ; and they all depart.

Lateran MS. cited by Martinelli, Roma Sacra, 158.
420 q'rium fcilicet leSiionum.

^ Arcum in Lathone. See p. 100, note 203.

* luxta domum Orphei propter bafilijcum qui tunc
temporis latitabat. See note 370. The bafiliik may
be the dragon of the legend of St. Silvefter, or
perhaps another monfter. Mirabiliay p. 98.

MIRABILIANA.

IV. Three Records.*^

I. Grant of the Capitoline Hill to the Abbey of St.
Mary in the Capitol, Extract from a Bull of
Pope Anackte IL (about 1130) cited in a Bull
of Pope Innocent IV. 1252.*

ANACLETE Bifhop, Servant of the Ser-
vants of God, to his beloved fons in
Chrift, John, Abbat of the Holy Mother of God

^^'^ The extrafts here tranflated furnifh examples
of the two kinds of documents from which a com-
plete commentary on the Mirabilia would be largely
drawn, namely, legal records and ecclefiaflical in-
fcriptions. The two Bulls throw light on the
medieval topography of the moft interefting parts of
Rome, the Capitol and the Forum. The Lift of
Relics of the Lateran is inferted in illuftration of
the paflages in the Mirabilia (p. 65), and in Church
Marvels (p. 131), relating to the fame fubjeft,

* Thefe Bulls are printed in Cafimiro, Storia
della chiefa di Araceliy pp. 21, 432*. The Bull of
Anaclete, which is of a date between 11 30 and
1 1 34, is extradled in Urlichs, Codex y 147; Jordan,
Topographic y ii. 667.

Grant of the Capitol. 177

and Virgin Mary, and of Saint John Baptist in
the Capitol, and his fucceflbrs to be regularly
promoted for ever .... To the faid monaftery
of the fame Mother of God, to thee committed.
We do grant and confirm the whole hill of the
Capitol in entirety, with the houfes, crypts, cells,
courts, gardens, and trees, both fruitful and un-
fruitful, together with the porticus of the Camel-
laria,^ with the land before the monaftery that is
called the Market-place,® with the walls, ftones,
and columns, and all things in general thereto
appertaining; the which is included in thefe
bounds : on the firft fide is the Public Way that
leadeth by the Silverfmith's Hill, that is now
called the Defcent of Leo Prothus'J on the
fecond fide is the Public Way that leadeth under
the Capitol; and from thence it goeth down

^ The Porticus of the Tabularium overlooking
the Forum appears to have been called Camel/aria^
or Camellaria Juferior to diftinguifh it from a build-
ing (conftrufted in the cell of the temple of Concord
and belonging to the clergy of the church of St»
Sergius) which is called Camellaria inferior \n a Bull
of Innocent III 11 99 (p. 181), and Camellana S»
Sergiim a Bull of Innocent VI. 1360 (Martinelli,
Roma Sacra^ 39o)» See Mirabilia, p. 90.

^ ^i locus nundinarum vocatur. See Mirabilia^
pp. 88, 89; Caiimiro, Storia di Araceli, 433.

^ The Salita di Marforio.

2 A

178 Mirabtliana.

through the boundary smd hillflde,^ above the
gardens which Ildebrand and John de Guinizo
did hold, 93 far a9 the Greater Temple that
looketh over the Elephant:^ on the third fide are
the banks that are over the Well of the Meat-
Market,**^ and thence winding by their cliffs^
above Canaparia,^ as far as the charnel-houfe of
Saint Theodore;* on the fourth fide it goeth up
from the fame charnel-houfe through the hole
where is the Verfified Stone^* and thence goeth

® Exinde dejcendit per limitem et appendicem. The
fenfe feems to require afcendity as the boundary is
carried up from the lane at the foot pf the hill
(under Ara Cell) to the ruins on the edge of the
hill over Piazza Montanara. The word appendicem
appears to be ufed in the fame fenfc as the modern
Italian pendice,

^ Mirabliay p. 88, note 171.
^^ Fontem de macelioy probably in the Piazza
Montanara.

^ Per appendices fuas.

^ Mirabilidy pp. 96, 97, note 196. In a lift
of churches, enumerated in order, by Niccolo
Signorili (Cod. Vat. 3^56), the following names
occur in this order,. 5. Adrianiy S. Martinae^ SS.
Sergii et Baccbi^ S, Mariae de Canapara, 5, Mariae
de Inferno. Cafimiro, Ara Celiy 438.

* In camarium S» Jbeodori.

* Per caveam in qua eft peira verfificata. An
infcribed ftone; poffibly the architrave, redifcovered

Grant of the Arch of Severus, 1 79

down by the Garden of Saint Sergius*^ to the
Garden that is under the Camellaria^ coming by
the Hundred Steps* to the firft bound: around
the fame Hill we do grant and confirm to thee
and thy fucceifors the houfes^ crypts, and ihops
in the Market, and all the Hill of the Capitol iii
entirety, and all other things that are in the hill
or about the hill.

2, Grant to the Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus,
of half the Arch of Severus and other property.
Extract from a Bull of Pope Innocent III.
1 199.

TO Romanus Archprieft and the clerks of
the Holy Martyrs Sergius and Bacchus, as
v/ell prefent as future for ever.

Albeit the care of all churches'^ is committed

in the fifteenth century, with infcriptions relating
to the fo-calledyri^/tf Xantbi*

* This garden was behind the church of S.
Sergius. Compare the next record extraftcd.

* Per Gradus centum. Apparently the afcent to
the Capitol from the Prifon. An afcent to the
Capitol called Centum Gradus is mentioned by
Tacitus (Hift. iii. 71) ; but is not neccflarily the
fame.

^ Licet omnium ecclefiarum. The firft part of
the bull, preceding the defcription of the property,

i8o Mirahiliana.

to us, neverthelefs it behoveth us the more dili-
gently to provide for thofe that are in the City
and to keep their rights unimpaired, inafmuch
as they are known more efpecially to belong to
our jurifdiction .... we do grant .... the
moiety of the Triumphal Arch, which in all con-
fifts of three arches, whereof one of the lefler
arches is more near to your church,^ upon which
arch one of the towers is feen to be built; and
the moiety of the greater arch that is in the
middle, with the chambers next to the leffer arch;
with their entrances and exits and all their appur-
tenances, which are included under thefe bounds.
On the firft fide is the other moiety of the fame
Triumphal Arch, of the right of the heirs of
Ciminus; on the fecond fide is another clofe^ of
the above-written Ciminus, and a court and the
public way; on the third fide is the court of your
church; and on the fourth fide is the public way
which pafleth before the faid church, as in the
inftrument of demife made by Gregory, of good
memory, to the Cardinal Deacon of the fame
church is more fully contained; the church of St.

is not fully given in the colleftion of the Regefta
Innocentii III, i. 404. The defcription of the pro-
perty is extrafted in Latin by Jordan, Topograpbie^
ii. 668.

8 A Hud clauftrum.

Grant to Saint Sergtus. i8i

Saviour de Jiatera^ with its appurtenances j the
church of Saint Laurence, fituate under the
Capitol, with the buildings,**® crypts, gardens,
and all other appurtenances thereof; all the houfes
fituate in Gallicis which are included in thefe
bounds; on two fides it is held by your church,
on the third fide it is held by Saint Martina, on
the fourth fide is the public way which paileth
before the faid church; .... an houfe fituate
near the houfe of John de Afcefa; four crypts
with the tofts ^ before them, as far as the public
way behind the church of Saint Saviour de Statera,
which ye bought of the heirs of Peter de Afcefa;
one toft in the region of Saint Theodore at the
foot of the Canaparia, two tofts nigh to the
Perfect Pillar;^ alfo the Parifti of the lower Ca-
mellaria, and the property of the fame Camellaria,
fo that no injury be done to the dwellers in the
fame Camellaria by the dwellers in the upper
Camellaria;^ alfo the garden of Saint Laurence
or above Saint Laurence; the land which was

^ Mirabilia, p. 96.
4^0 Cum cafis.

^ Cum cajalinis. Cafalinum, locus ubi cafae acdifi-
cataefuerunt, Ducange, Glojfarium.

2 luxta columnam perfectijjimam. PofTibly the
Phocas Column.

8 Mirabilia^ p. 90. See alfo note 425.

1 8 2 Mirahiliana.

formerly an olive-yard from the cavern as far as
Saint Saviour; the land above the olive-yard as
far as the bath or bafin; the garden of Saint
Sergius or behind Saint Sergius, and the garden
among the columns,^ as far as the Apfe ^ and as
far as the Mamertine Prifon, upon the which a
queftion was long moved between you and the
church of Saint Mary of the Capitol, and was fet
at reft by an amicable compofition by the dele-
gation of Pope Celeftine, of happy memory, our
predecefibr, through our beloved fons J. by the
title of Saint Stephen in Celiomonte^ and S. by
the title of Saint Praxed, Cardinal Priefts, as in
the writing of the faid Cardinals, thereof made,
is more fully contained; to you and through you
to your church, by authority apoftolic, we do
confirm.

3. Table of Relics at the Bafilica of the Later an, ^

THIS Bafilica of our Saviour and Lord Jefus
Chrift, and of Saint John Baptift, and of
the blefled John the Evangelift, is ennobled by

* Probably remains of the Porticus of Concord.

^ Jordan fuggefts the apfe of the Secretarium
Senatusy poffibly the fanie as a porticus curva men-
tioned in Calfiodorus. Topographic^ ii. 457, 481.

^ The following table, infcribed in mofaic with
gold letters upon a blue ground, was formerly in a

Table of Lateran Relics. 183

thefe moft holy and venerable fanctuares: in the
firft place this Wooden Altar, which God's holy
pontiffs and martyrs had from the time of the
Apoftles, and whereon through the crypts and
divers hiding-places they celebrated mafles when
the rage of perfecution was threatening. them;
upon the which, above, is the Table of our Lord,
whereat Chrift fupped with his difciples in the
day of [his paffion]. And in this^ altar are two

portico behind the high altar in the ancient apfe of
the Lateran Bafilica. It is now placed in the new
cloifter to the left of the door of the Sacrifty. A
fecond fimilar table on the right hand records in
verfe the rebuilding of the church by Nicholas IV.
in 1 29 1. The two tables are apparently contem-
porary, though the letters are in fome cafes a little
different in form. The Latin original has been
printed in Rofponi, De Bafilica Lateran, 48 ; Cre-
fcembeni, S. Giovanni a Porta Latina^ i35;Forcella,
Ifcrixioni delle Cbieje, viii, 14. But the copy which
follows this Tranflation is believed to be more cor-
reft. As to the Lateran relics, see pp. 65, 131, 155.
^ Cena\yit cum difcipulis in die ca^na^ in hoc"]
autem. The word ca'^na'^ has been mifread caenae
in the printed copies. The in which follows is
fupcrfluous. The fign 3 might ftand for any omitted
letters, as, for example, fuch a word as cz.tenarum*
Perhaps the word was originally carnis; for the line
which begins with vit and ends with boc appears
to. be a reftoration, containing forms of letters
found in the other table, but not elfewhere in this.

184 Mirabiliana.

phials of the blood and water from Chrift's fide.
Moreover there is part of Chrift's Cradle, the
Coat without Seam, and his purple robe. More-
over there is the napkin that was about his head,
and the towel that he waflied his difciples' feet
withal. Moreover there is of the five barley
loaves^ and of the afhes and blood of Samt John
Baptift; and his Raiment of Camel's hair; of
manna from the tomb of Saint John the Evan-
gelift, and his Coat, and alfo part of the Chain
wherewith he came bound from Ephefus, and the
{hears® that he was {horn withal by command-
ment of Caefar Domitian. And beneath this
altar is the Ark of the Covenant,® wherein are the
Two Tables of the Teftament, Mofes' Rod,
and the Rod of Aaron. 7 here is alfo the Golden
Candleftick, and the Golden Cenfer full of incenfe,
and an urn of gold full of Manna, and some of
the Shewbread. Now this ark, with the candle-
ftick and the things aforefaid, together with the
four prefent Pillars,*^® did Titus and Vefpafian

® Forcipes, Mirabiliay p. 66.

^ Mirabilidy p. 65.
450 Mirabilia, p. 66y note 119. Thefe bronze
columns, which are plain fluted, were formerly at
the great arch of the n^ve near the high altar, and
were placed by Clement VIII. at the altar of the
Sacrament. (Rofponi, De Bajilica Later an^ 45.)
Benjamin of Tudela believed them to be from

Relics at the Later an. 185

make to be brought of the Jews from Jerufalem
to the City, even as it is feen to this day in the
Triumphal Arch that is nigh unto the church of
Saint Mary New, for their victory and for a per-
petual remembrance of them, fet up by the
Roman Senate and People.

( ^Fhe original Latin infcription is printed on the
next page,)

Solomon's temple. (See p. 115.) They have now
composite capitals in which a star (the badge of
Clement VIII.) is introduced.

2 H

1 86 Mirabtltana.

Literal Copy of the Original Table of Relics at
the Lateran Bajtlica.

HEC BASILICA SALVATORIS DNT NRF IESV XPf

SCTQj lOHlS BAPTISTE ATQ; BEATI lOHAN

NIS EVANQELISTE HIS SACRO SANCTIS

AC VENERABILIBVS SANCTVARIIS INSIQNI

TA CONSISTIT IN PRIMIS HOC ALTARE LIGNEO

QUOD SANCTI DEI PONTIFICES 1 MARTYRES AB APO

STOLOU* TEMPORE HABVERVNT IN OVO P CRIP

TAS 1 DIVERSA LATIBVLA MISSAS CELEBRA

BANT PSECUTIONIS RABIE IMMANENTE SVP OVO

DE SVPER EST MENSA DOMINI IN OVA XPS CENA

VIT CUM DISCIPVLIS IN DIE CAjNAj IN HOC

AVTEM IN ALTARI SVNT DE SANGVINE 1 AOVA

DE LATERE XPT AMPULLE DUE ITEM EST IBI DE

CVNA XPl TVNICA INCONSVTILIS ET PVRPVRE

VM VESTIMENTVM EIVS ITEM EST IBI SVDARI

VM OVOD FVIT SVPER CAPVT EIVS 1 LINTEVM

VNDE PEDES DISCIPVLO^* LAVIT ITEM EX OVINOVE

PANIBVS ORDEACIIS ITEM DE CINERIBVS 1 SANQVI

NE SANCTI lOHANNIS BAPTISTE 1 CILICIVM EIVS DE PI

LIS CAMELORU DE MANASEPULCHRI SCT lOHIS EVA

GELISTE ET TVNICA EIVST ETIAM PARS CATENE CVM

QUA LEGATVS VENIT AB EFESO FORCIPES CV QVIBVS

TONSVS FVIT DE MANDATO CESARIS DOMITIANI SVB ISTO

NEMPE ALTARI EST ARCA FEDERIS IN QVA SVNT

DVE TABVLE TESTAMENTI VIRGA MOYSI "3 VIRQA AA

RON EST IBI CANDELABRV AVREO 1 THVRIBVLV

AUREV THYMEAMATE PLENVT URNA AVREA PLE

NA MANNA 1 DE PANIBVS PROPOSITIONV HANC

AUTEM ARCA CV CANDELABRO ET HIIS QUE DICTA

SVT CO QUATVOR PRESENTIBVS COLVPNIS Tl

TVS T VESPASIANVS A IVDEIS ASPORTARI FE

CERVNT DE H^RVSOLIMA AD VRBE SICVT VS

QVE HODIE CERNITVR IN TRIVMPHALI FORNI

CE QUI EST IVXTA ECCLESIAM SANCTE MA

RIE NOVE OB VICTORIAM ET PERPETWM

MONVMENTVM EORVM A SENATV POPVLOQVE

ROMANO POSITVM

MIRABILIANA.

V. Medieval Plan of Rome.

THE map of Rome at the end of this
volume is copied (with partial reduction in
height but not in width) from one of thofe edited
by De Roifi in his valuable feries of medieval
plans of Rome. {Piante di Roma, tav. li. i.) De
RoiS's drawing is itfelf a reduction (two-thirds
of the original) of a plan contained in a manu-
fcript of the Cofmography of Ptolemy, preferved
in the National Library at Paris (No. 4802),
which has the arms of Henry II. of France upon
the binding.

In the fixteenth chapter of the Treatife pub-
liflied with the Plans, the learned editor gives an
interefting account of thofe manufcripts and
printed editions of the Latin Tranflation of
Ptolemy's work illuftrated with maps, which were
multiplied in the laft thirty years of the fifteenth
century. Of the prefent plan of Rome copies
exift in other manufcripts, one of which, from the
Urbinate MS. No. 277, in the Vatican Library
is alfo given in De RofS's work. This book has

1 88 Mirahiliana.

the date 1472, and was painted in the ftudy ot
Hugo Comminellus de Maceriis^ to whom De
Roffi alfo attributes the Paris manufcript. A
flight variation in the map of Rome furniflies
evidence of the later date of the Paris copy. The
Ponte Sifl:o, which was founded in 1473 ^^^
opened in 1475, is abfent in the Urbino manu-
fcript, but appears in that of Paris, which muft
therefore have been drawn fomewhat after the
other. But the original defign, from which both
are taken, is thought by De Roifi to have been
made between 1455 and 1464.

The period to which our plan belongs is there-
fore precifely that which witnefled the com-
mencement of the more critical ftudies of clai&cal
literature and epigraphy by which the authority
of the Mirahilia was overthrown. But the plans
bear no imprefs of the new learning; and the
names which are afcribed to the monuments
belong, as De Rofli has obferved, to " the termi-
nology which may be called Mirabilian." They
were evidently prepared by a draughtfman and
intended for readers who were ftill guided in
their Roman archaeology by the old Hand-book.
For this reafon they form a fuitable illuftration
to the prefent volume.

The Paris plan has been chofen, as being more
carefully drawn than that of Urbino. Like moft
of the medieval plans of Rome, it is in the nature

Medieval Plan of Rome. 189

of a bird's-eye view, taken from the fide of the
Porta del Popolo. Very little attempt is made
to reprefent the actual fliape of the city as fliown
by the circuit of walls ; and in filling in this area,
the fyftem adopted has been to felect the objedls
which were thought moft important, the ordinary
houfes and the minor churches being altogether
omitted, and no indication being given of the
ftreets, with one exception, that the route from
the Ponte di S. Angelo towards the Capitol,
through the Campo di Fiori, and the Jews*
Piazza (Piazza del Pianto) is indicated by a line
and two fquares. Three Palaces only, the Late-
ran, the Vatican, and the Senators' Palace at the
Capitol, are fliown, with the principal bafilicas
and moft famous monuments of antiquity. The
hills are indicated by a dark fliading. The monu-
ments are reprefented, not by a mere note of
their fituation or area, but by flight flcetches of
their general form and appearance, which are
often of much value, as fliowing the condition
of the buildings in the middle of the fifteenth
century.

The views of the Capitol and of the Forum
are efpecially interefting. In the former the re-
ftored palace of the Senators, flanked by its two
weftern towers, has on the left the church of St.
Mary in Ara celi, with its long flight of marble
fteps, and on the right a ruin confifting of fome

190 Mirabiliana,

columns and an architrave, which can fcarcely be
other than the laft remains of the Capitoline
Temple.*^^ Beyond is feen the Forum. The
churches immediately behind the Capitol are
omitted. On the right, between the Capitol and
the Palatine, is a building which the draughtsman
has reprefented as an arch, perhaps intending it
for that of Severus, but which, from its fituation,
may have been meant, in the original defign, for
another monument, poifibly the remains of the
temple of Caftor, or of the Bafilica Julia, the
Cannapara of the Mirabilia, On the left, the
mafs formed by the temple of Fauftina, with the
round church of SS. Cofmas and Damian, and
the b^lica of Conftantine, is very faithfully fliown.
Oppofite Fauftina, in the middle of the Campo
Vaccino, is a tower, probably a refidue of the
fortrefs of the Frangipani;^ and beyond, drawn
on a fmall fcale as a diftant part of the fame
(ketch, are the church of S, Maria Nuova, and
the Arch of Titus, with the buildings which
united them; while to the right rifes the Palatine
hill, occupied by the '* Greater Palace " of the
Mirabilia, In the next line, beyond the Forum
group, towers the Coloffeum, with a magnitude
proportioned to its celebrity and importance.

**i Mirabilia^ p. 88, note 171 and p. 178.
2 See p. 99.

Medieval Plan of Rome. 191

The mafs of buildings at the Lateran, and the
nearer and more detailed group of the Vatican
and the Borgo, are no lefs inftructive. In the
latter the ancient pyramid, called the Sepulchre
of Romulus, is feen near the caftle of Saint
Angelo.

Between the Porta del Popolo and the Porta
Pia, may be ftudied a group of ruins which furnifh
a fuggeftion of what then remained of the Sal-
luftian Palace and of the Domus Finciana, Out-
fide the walls the principal churches and other
places of intereft to pilgrims are fliown; but the
moft charafteriftic object confifts of a length of
broken aqueduct, at the fide of which is a heap
of earth under which is believed to be a temple,
a typical and truly Mirabilian picture of the
Roman Campagna.

In the original map the names of many, but
not all, of the objects delineated are written
againft them in Latin, in a hand by no means
eafy to read. In the following table the plan is
divided into fixteen parts, of which the firft four
are thofe along the top; and the objefts in each
part, the higher objefts being taken firft, are
indicated by the Latin names ufed in the original
map, or by a modern defcription, or by both.
The names in brackets [ ] are fupplied from
the companion map in the Urbinate Manufcript
mentioned above.

192 Mtrabiliana.

A, I. An aquedudl and a heap of ruins, in-
fcribed Sub hoc cumuh eft templum. Porta maior,

A. 2. Colojfeum parvum^ Sancta Crux in leru"
falem (the Amphitheatrum Caftrenfe, and Church
of Holy Crofs in Jerufalem). P. Sancti Johannis
Laterani (the Gate and Palace of Saint John
Lateran) . [ Sancta Sanctorum, fcala hac per quam
Chrjftus ad Pilatum], the chapel of Saint Lau-
rence, called Holy of Holies (with a dome over
it), and the Scala Sancta. The *' Horfe of Con-
ftantine."* The Arch of Dolabella with a tower
over it.^

A. 3. Theatrum [theatrum gladiatorum^ theatro
dove battagle mortali faceano\ the circus of Max-
entius. 5. Sebaftianus. S. Annunciata. [Domine
quo vadis"].

Porta latina. Porta Dazza [Porta Appia^.
Porta 5. PaulL Palatium Augufti (?) Therma
Antoniana (Antoninianae). The Aventine Hill,
Su Saus (S. Sabba, in old Italian, Santo Save),
[Arcus Tarquinii Prlfci, 5. Alefti'],

A. 4. Outfide the walls, a pillar on the way to
Saint Paul, [apud hanc crucem S. Paulus prouta^

* This objeA is added from the drawing in the
Urbino Manufcript.

* Perhaps in the original drawing S. Stefano
Rotondo may have been reprefented here.

* De Roffi fuggefts the words prout ante mortem
dixeraty and the emendation velum for telum {Piante^

Medieval Plan of Rome, 193

defunctus telum mulieri reddidit], Ponte della
Moletta, with a building near the bridge. S,
Paulus, Further off, the Tre Fontane, [/bntes
ubi decollatus eft S. Paulus]^ S. NaftafiuSy Scala
cceli.

Within the walls, Remi fepulcrum. Teftaccius
mom.

B. 1. Porta S, Laurent ii. Aqua duSfus,

B. 2. Colojfeum. Trophea cymbrica [y/rcus cym-
brius], S. Petrus in vincula, Turris comitum,
S. Adrianus (S. Lorenzo in Miranda). SS. Cofma
and Damiano. Templum Pads (Bafilica of Con-
ftantiiie). S, Maria Nuova. Ara Celt.

B. 3. Trax Arms [Arcus Thracius] (Arch of
Conftantfne, commonly called Arcode trafi) . Arch
of Titus. Palatium /«<2/^r^ {Palatine Hill^id
Imperial palaces), [Spelunca Cacct] under the
Aventine. Templum Sybillarum [Sybilla], S.
Maria in Cofmedin. [Pons Sancta Maria],
Hie se iecit horatius in amnem.

Tower of the Frangipani. Arch of Severus,
or Bafdica Julia. 5. Georgius [Templum Severi-

p. 146). See before p. 144. The little building
between the pillar and St. Paul may have been the
church of S. Menna, reftored by Leo IIL {Lib,
Ponti/,), and named in the Einliedeln Itinerary.
Urlichs, Codex^ 68; Jordan, Topograpbiey ii. 258 ;
Marti nelli, Roma Sacra, 377.

2 C

194 Mirabiliana.

anurn]. Double arch' in the Velabrura. [T^mplum
lovis quod et domus favelioruTn\? [ Pom ludeorum].
5. bartolomeus, [Pons tranftiberim].

B. 4. Porta Portuenjis. Porta S. PancratiU
The Church of St. Pancras, [5, Cecilia y S. Fran-
cifci^, S, Grifogonus, S, Petrus in montorio ubi
cruci afixus eft.

S. Maria tranftiberim ubi in natali Chrifti
oleum manavit [unde oleum fiuxit in tiberim in
nocte nativitatis domini"].

C. I . Outflde the walls, S, Laurentius, Porta
Numentana (Porta Pia). Thermae Diocletiana.

C. 2. On the hill, S. Maria Maggiore. The
Marble Horfes. [Menfa Neronis], Militia
turris [Militia palatium].

In the valley, Palatium Cafaris (Forum of
Auguftus). Columna Antoniana^ (Column of
Trajan). S. Marcus.

Minerva. Bruti fepulchrum? S, Afoftolus,

f The two objedls which in one map stand for
the church of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and the arch
near it, are identified in the other as the Portico of
Oftavia then called the temple of Severus, and the
Theatre of Marcellus, in which the Savelli were
already eftablifhed.

8 Antoniniana, The names of the two great
columns feem to be accidentally tranfpofed.

5 See note 164.

Medieval Plan of Rome. 195

Traiana Columna (Column of Marcus Aurelius).
Palatium Adriani (Arch of Claudius?).^ S.
Maria Rotonda,

C, 3. 5. Angelus ubi forum pifcatorum (Portico
of Oaavia). The Ponte Sifto. Porta Septig-
nana,

S. Eujiachius, Area iudea, (Piazza del Pianto) .
5. lacopus de Septignana.

S. Lorenzo in Damafo. Platea^ i.e. campus
deflore.

C. 4. laniculus mons. Porta Sancti Spiritus,
[Lacus neronis"], Palatium neronis [Agulia, S,
Petri].

D. 1. S. Agnefa. Porta Salaria, Porta Pin-
ciana, [Pincis] (The ruins of the Palaces on
the Pincian Hill).

D, 2. S. Sihe/ler ubi caput eji batifa lohanis.
Arch in the Via Flaminia.^ S. Laurentius in
lucina. S. Apollinaris ubi manjit maometus?
[Sancti Auguftini, S. Tri/onis].

[Santa Maria Populi]. Porta Flamminia
[qua et Porta popuW], Turris fpiritus neronis
[Turris ubi umbra neronis diu manjitavit"]?

*®® See p. 12, note 23.

1 See p. II, note 22.

2 I have not found anything to explain this
defcription.

' The ftory of Nero haunting the neighbourhood
of the Porta del Popolo is not told in the Mirabilin,

196 Medieval Plan of Rome.

D. 3. Agon, S. Agnefa, [Domus Orftna\
Monte Giordano.* Tiber fiuviui. S. Celfus [San^i
iohannis. S. hiajii']. Bridge of S. Angelo. CaJ-
tellum S. Angeli. Porta Cajlelli [Porta collina qua
et caJielW],^ Sepulcrum RomulL

D. 4. [Hofpital fancti fpiritus']. Porta viri-
daria [quce et Sancti Petri] . \_Nova turris. Pa-
latium pontificis],

Outfide the wall, TTieatrum, Hadrian's Circus.

Frontifpiece,
The bronze doors of St. Peter's, made for
Eugenius IV. in 1447, have among other orna-
ments a baf-relief of the Paflion of St. Peter by
Antonio Filarete. In this work, to mark the local-
ity, the foreground is occupied by a row of objects
conceived in the fpirit of the Afirabilia. Thefe
are the ' Sepulchre of Remus • with a figure of
Roma before it, the Tiber with fliields and arms
floating on it, the 'Temple of Hadrian', the
Terebinth, and the ' Sepulchre of Romulus '. The
*aft three objedts fymbolize the place of Saint
Peter's crucifixion.®

* This object, reprefented as a fquare cattle, is
added from the plan of the Urbino manufcript.

* The Porta Collina of the Mirabilia and Ordo
Romanus is not this gate, but that clofing the
bridge on the fide of the Borgo. See pp. 8, 168.

« See pp. 7, 75-79, ^^^ no^e 144.

^ ABOUT 1475

INDEX.

Abdon and Sxnnkn, 50-55.
Abfolom, ftatue of, 156.
Atrarium^ 95.

Acfculapius, temple of, 100, 116.
Albifton, 32, loz, 103.
Alexandrine circus, 23, 169,
Alexandrine Thermae, 18, 82.
All Saints* Day, its origin, 49, 50*
Anaftafius IV. his tomb, 79.
Antonine column, 21, 25, 84.
Ayua Sahna^ 30, 134.
Ara Celi, 38, 90, 141.
Area Noe, 2, i6l«.

Arch of Antoninus, 12.
Aurea, 161, 167.
Claudius, I2«, 195.
Camillus, 21.
Conftantine, f i, 171, 193.
Dripping, 30732.-
Drufus, 10, 3o«.
Hand of Flefli, 12, 170.
GaUienus, 163
Gold Bread, 13.
Latona {in Lathone\ 100,
» '75.

Marcus Aurelius, iin,
Nerva, 161, 170.
Pity or Piety, 14, 84, 168.
the Seven Lamps, 11, 100,

171.
Severus, ii», 170, 180.
Severus in Velabro, I'^n,
Theodofius and Gratian,
10, 159, 169.

Titus, II, 100, 105, 171.
Titus at the tircus, 10.

Arch, Roman, 32, 69.

Arches, triumphal, 9-15.

Arco dei Pantani, 93, no, 163*.

Argentaria injtda^ 92.

Argentarti cVmmy 91, 170, 177,

Augurator'mm, 102.

S. Auguftine cited, 37,

Auguftutriy maufoleum of Auguftus,

Auguftus, vifion of, 35.

Aurelia Oreftilla, her houfe, in.

Aventine hill, no.

Ba/neana^Usy 17.

S. Bafil, coi\vent of, 92, i62«, 167.

Bede, his tomb, 125.

Breeches Towers, 11.

Bridges of Rome, 24, 25^

Brutus' sepulchre, 85^, 194.

Buihels, ruins so called, 108.

Caccabariorum regioj 113.
Caelian hill, 106.
Caefar, Forum of, 99.
Caefar, see Julius.
Calcararej 85.
Camellaria, 90, 177.

Upper and Lower, 177//, 181.
CamlUanumy 21, 85.
Camfnti Martius, 84, 168.

200

Index.

Cannapara, 3i«, 32, 89, 96, 178,
181.

Cantarus at the Vatican, 73, 173.

Capitol, 16, 86-90.

Capitoline hill granted to abbey of
St, Mary, 176-179.

Capitoline temple, ruins of, 88,
178, 190.

Career TulRanus^ 112.

Cartulary tower, 11, 101.

Catacombs, 26-29.

Cateritio, S. Maria iir, 114.

Catiline, palace of, 97.

Cemeteries or catacombs, 26-29.

Centum Gradus, 179.

Chromatius, palace of, 114, I59>
169.

Churches :

S. Abbacy rus, 167.

S. Agnes In Agone^ 137.

S. Agnes without the Walls, 149

S. Anaftaiius, 134.

S. Angelo in Pefcheria, 113, 145.

S. Balbina, 149.

S. Bartholomew, 116, 145.

S. Benedid in Pifcinuloj 116.

S. Catherine dei Funari, 86.

S. Cefarius, 102.

S. Cofmas, 100.

S. Crofs in Jerufalem, 20, 145

S. Gregory, 129, 143.

m Martioj 165, 174.
S. John at Janiculum, 2, 22.

Lateran, see Lateran

Bafilica.
at Latin Gate, 7, 142.
S. Laurence in Fonte^ 151.

in Laterano [Sancta
Sanctorum) J 13 1,

I3»f 174-
in Lucina, 151.
in Alirandaf 106.
in Panifpernaj 147.
in Porticu (in Pijcibus\

17%,

Churches (continued) :

S. Laurence without the Walls,

151.
S. Lucia in Orphea, i6zh.
S. Mark, 85, 147.
S. Mary in Campo^ 92.

in Cafito/iOf {in ara ceS),
38, 90, 141.

of Egypt, lli«.

in Fontana, 108.

de Grade/fuj iii.

Imperatrice, 1651K.

de Inferno, 97, 145.

Major, 107, 121, 134.

Sopra Minerva, 85.

New, 100, 135.

in Jchda Graeca, 1 11,

II2ff.

in Traflevere, 115, 148.

Tranfpontina, jj, 137.

Virgariorumy 173.
S. Menna, I93ff.
S. Nicolas in ca/caria, 86.

incarcere, 112, 1580.
Pantheon, 46, 74, 82, 135.
S. Paul, 68, 133.
S. Pell^rino, 75.
S. Peter in the Vatican, 67, 73,

"5. ,

ad tmculaj 108, 137,
152.
S. Praxedes, 138.
S. Pudentiana, 138.
S. Quiricus, 93.
S. Saviour in porticu^ 97.

de fiateroj 97, 181,
182.
S. Sebaftian at the Catacombs,
151.

on the Palatine, loi.
SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 95,

'79-
S. Silvcfter in capite^ 137.
S. Sixtus, 141.
S. Spirito, 148.
S. Stephen alle Carrozze, iizn,

in fijcinuia, 1 14.

Round, 16, III
S. Valentine, 8.
S. Vitus in macello^ 145.

Index.

20 1

Cicero, temple of, 112, 158.
Qmbruntj 107, 16'?.
Cincius or Cinthius, prefect, 79.
Grci znA fta£a^ 23.
Circus Atttonini^ 1 14.
Grcm MaximuSy 103, 105.
Cleopatra, 57, 58.
OMinafortOy 8, 168, 196.
CololTeum, 62-64, '7i«
CololTus, 63, 64«, 102.
Concord, temple of, 92, 95, 170.
Conftantiae, bafilica of, 20, 100.

converfion of, 68, 122.

Thermae of, 21, 109.

ConfuU of the Romans, 85.
Cornuti, baths of, 34.
Craticula, temple of, 113, 158,
Crefcentius, castle of, 24, y6,
Curtius, legend of, 97, 98.

Deacons, eighteen Cardinal, 160.
Diocletian, baths of, 108, 138.
Domine quo VM&y 7, 27, 143.

Elephantta HerbariuSy 88«, 112, 178.

England, Dominican monaileries
in, 142.

Efquiline hill (Monte Superaggio),
17, 147.

Fabiiy temple of, 95.

Fatal temple, 11, 94, 170.

Faunus, temple of, 108, 112, 113.

Fauflina, temple of, 100.

Flaminian circus, 23, 24, 34, 86,
113, 158.

Fors FortuttOy temple of, 116.

Forum of Auguftus, 92*, i6i«.
of Caefar, 99, 1 70.
of Nerva, 93.

of Trajan, 21, 91, 93, 161,
167, 170.

Forum Romanumy 96/}.

Frontefpizio di Neronc, 109.

Frangipane, tower of, 99.

FuUonia at the Lateran, 79, 163.

Gates of Rome, 6-9,

Gorgon, temple of, 115.

Gradellae, place fo called, 1 11,
158/7.

Hadrian, temple of, 91.

Hell, place fo called, 97, 145.

Hefcodius or Eftodius, a medieval
hiftorian, 2.

Hol(wkreumy 114, 159.

Holy places in Rome, 29-34.

Innocent II., his tomb, 79.
Ittfula JlfiTicenaf 159.

yanus ^(uadrifrottSy 13/r, iii.

Janus, temple of, 90, 99, 171.

Jews, their ancient league with
Rome, 93.

their place for faluting the
Pope, 169.

Jews* Bridge, 24, 113.
Piazza, 189, 195.
([Quarter, 24,

Judas Maccabeus, 93.

Julian, beguiled by Faunus, 108.

Julius Caefar, inthroned pontiff, 89.
killed in the Capitol,

90.
his memorial (obe-
lifk), 71, 73.

202

Index.

Last Sapper, Eaflcr ceremony, 163-

165.
Lateran Bafilica, its foundation, 65
bronze pillars, 66,

relics, 65, 66, 106,
131-133, 182-
186.

Lateranm Campus^ 165, 174.
Laurence, place of his martyrdom,

i8«, 33, no, 147.
Legend of SS. Abdon and Stnnen,

S. Agnes and her prjcft,

150V
Auguftus and the fibyl,

25, 90.
the Bull Gate, 7.
the Bells of the Capitol

(Salvath Romae\ 46,

S4-
King Charles and the

ring, 128.
Conftantine and S. Sil-

vefter, 32, 68, 122.
Curtius, 97, 98.
S. Dominic, 142.
the foundation of S.

Mary Major, 121,

122, 132, 133
the foundation of Rome,

the foundation of the
Pantheon, 46.

the fountain of oil in
Traftevere, 34, 115.

S. Gregory, 15, 129,

I43> H9-
S. Helen, 124.
the horfe called Con-

ftantine's, 42.
the horfes of marble,

39» 40.
S. John at the Lattn

Gate, 7,66,143,184.
Julian the Apoftate, 108.
S. Laurence, 18, 33, 34,

56, 147, 151-
Sj Lucy and the Hand

of Flefh, 12, 13.

Legend of the Maufoleum of Au-
guftus, 81, 155.

Nero and the Frog, 19,
20.

S. Paul and the kerchief,
144, 192.

the dedication of S.
Peter ad tnnada, 57-
62.

S, Peter's chains, 60.

S. Peter's corn-heap,
76«.

Phidias and Praxiteles,

39-
Philip, emperor and

martyr, 51.
the taking of Jerufalem,

154;
Pope Joan, 139.
the image of Romulus,

21, 136.
S- Sebaftian, 31, 114,

S. Silvefter and the
dragon, 98, 144.

Simon Magus, I3S> ^3^,
171.

S. Sixtus, 29, 50.

S. Stephen, pope, 151,

»5^
the Three Fountains,

30. 134. ^ . ^.
Trajan s pity and juftice,

14.

Virgil's witchcraft, 17.

Lentulus, palace of, in.
Leo Prothus, Dcfcent of, 177.
Leonine city, or Peter's Porch, 6,

9-
Livy referred to, 4, 5.
Lycaonla Jnfula^ 116.

Macellim lAvtanum, 163.
Magnanapoli, I7».
Mahomet, his abode, 195.

Index.

203

Majofent, an oracle of Apollo, 83.

Mamcrtinus, prifon of, 33, 170
182.

Mapt of Rome in the middle age,
187.

Mariut, trophiea of, 107, 163.

Market place of Capitol, 88, 89,

Maufoleum of Auguftus, 80, 81.
Hadrian, 78.

Aitnfa Imperatorii (Neroms\ 109,

194..
Merulana, 163.

Meta^ pyramid, fo called^ 75, 76.
Meta Sudani, 17 u
ACca Aurea^ 3, 22.
Minerra Chacidica, temple of, 85.
Moneta, temple of, 88.
Monte Cayallo, 109.
Montorio, 220.

Naumachia^ region o£^ 75.

Nero, his camp, 148.
his Chancery, 84.
his Ghoft, 195.
his Obeli (k, 77^ 159, 168.
his Wardrobe, 71.

Nerva, arch of, 161, 167, 170.
Forum of, 93.
tomb of, 81.

Nimrod or Nembroth, a founder of
Rome, 3.

Noah, a founder of Rome, i.

Noah's Ark, ruin fo called, 2, 1610.

Obeli (k of the Piazza del Panteon,
85«.

of the Vatican, 71.

Obeliiks of the Chxus Maximus,
104, 105.

Olympia, baths of, 33, 109.

Ordo Romama, extrads from, 1 57-

175.
Orphanotroptiumy 106.
Orpha domus (lacus), 162, 175.
Orrigo, tower of, tii.
Ovid cited or alluded to, 9, 80, 88,

Palaces of Rome, i9-'22.

Palatina, 169.

Palathtm tnajus {caja tnajor\ 19,
102.

Palatine hill, 10 1, 102.

PalUs, temple of (Repa)y 98, 990,

lOI.

Pantheon, 48, 74, 82, 135.

its foundation and hif-

twy, 47-50-

Par lone, 169.

S. Paul, bafilica of, 68, 133.

martyrdom of, 134, 144.
his doak left at Troas,

134.
his kerchief, J44, J 92.

Peace, temple of, 100, 136, 193.
Pergula aurea, 112.

S. Peter, bafilica of, 67, 125.
body of, 67, 1x6.
Cantharus of, 73.
his place of martyrdom
77^ i37> 194-
S. Peter's chains, 60.

cornheap, jSn,
Parvife or Paradife, 73.
Porch, 6, 9.

Philip, firft Chriftian emperor, 51.
Phocas column, i8i».
Pierleone's houfe, 112, 1 130, i^%n,
Pilate's houfe, 147.
Pinctana domus, Sn, 191.
Pincius, king, his palace, 8.

204

Index.

Pinea or Pigna, 82, 169.

Pijc'ma in Traftevere, 116.

Ponte Siftoy 24.

Porttcus affidatOy 16 1.
Crinorum, 88.
Gallatorum, 157, 158.
5. P*fr; (m^z/V), 159, 173.
Octamae, 112, 113, 158.

Prifon, Mamertinc, 33, 170, 182.

Proceffiona, Papal, 157-175-

Ravennatium templum (urbs), 34,

115.
Regia, 99«.
Relics, table of at the Lateran,

182-186.
Remus, fepulchre (or temple) of,

7.
Rifarmeay or Ripa Romea, 25.
Romulus, palace (or temple) of,

20, 100.

fepulchreof, 7,75, 168.
ftory of his image, 21-
136.
Rofe, the lady, her monaftery, 86.
Roftra^ 85.

Sanaa Sanctorum at Lateran, 131,
174, 192.

holy image m,
132, 174.

Saturn, temple of, 92, 95.
Saffia, diftrict fo called, 24.
Scala Sancta, 192.
Schola Graeca^ iii.
S. Sebaftian, 114.
SeJesJhrcoraria, 129.
Senators' palace, 16.
Septizonium, 31, 56, 84, 102.
Seflbrian palace, 20, 106.

SS. Sergius and Bacchus, property
of their church, 180, 182.

Sergius, garden of, 179, 182.

Severus* arch, its medieval condi-
tion, 95, 170/7, 180.

Sibyl, temple of, 112, 158, 193.

Silexyhy S. Lucia in Orphea, 162.
by the bafilica of Conftantine
171.

Solomon's pillars at the Lateran,
155.

Stadia and circiy 23.

Stateray 96, 181, 182.

Statue of Abfolom, 156.

Conftantine, 42, 156.
Hygieia (Giuftiniani
Palace), 41 «.
Marble horfes, 39, 109.
Marforio, 94, 137.
Saturn and Bacchus

(River Gods), 109.
Samfon, 154.
Woman with SerpenU,
39» 41.
Statues of Ancient Pome, 26, 87,

88.
Suetonius referred to, 36, 38.
Sun, temple of, 102.
Superapus mons (Efquiline), 17, 107

Tabema Merltoriay 115.
Tabularhtm, i6» ; and fee Camel-

laria,
Tellus, honfe or temple of, 3in,

33, 96.
Templum Majusy 178.
Terebinth, 76.

Theatre of Balbus, Ii4», I59».

Marcellus, 23», 34»,
ii3«, i58ff.
Pompey, 83.

Theatres, 23, 24.

Index.

205

Tkawae^ 17-1%, 106.

Titus, his palace at the Catacombs,
22, 154.

Tofula or Tofella, 92,

Tofetti family, their tower, 12.

Tower, Cartulary, 11, loi.
of the Field, 169)1.
Cencio Frangipane, 99.
Orrigo, iii.
the Tofetti, 12.

Towers of the Breeches, ii.

Trajan, column of, 21, 25, 91.

forum of, 21, 91, 93, no,

161.
legend of, 14.

Tre fontane, 30, 134.

Traftevere, 115, 116.

Trevi or Trkntm, 108.

Tudela, Benjamin of, 153-156.

Varro cited or referred to, 3, 4.
Vatican Bafilica, 67, 70, 125.

Pelum Aureitm (Velabmm), 30, 113.

Venus, Garden of, 109.

Venus and Rome, temple of, 20,
100.

Vefpafian, his palace at the cata-
combs, 22, 154.

his tomb, 148.

Vefta, temple of, 98.

Vta Major, 1661T.
^tarinaliSf 167.
Salara, vetta et nova, 8.
SanSia, i66ff, 171.
Sacra, 172.

Vtcui Canarius, 30.
Lateruha, 33.
Patrichtt, 33.

Virgil, a wizard, 17.

Virgil alluded to, 4, loi.

Vaidarhatt of the Vatican, 8.

Volufian, 20ff, 148.

Walls of Rome, 5, 6.

or Ty\-. ' N

Westminster : Printed by Nichols and Sons, 25, Parliament Street.

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Full text of "Mirabilia urbis Romae = The marvels of Rome : or a picture of the golden city"

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